MATHEMATICAL STATISTIC AND ITS IMPACT ON LAWENFORCEMENT Term Paper

MATHEMATICAL STATISTIC AND ITS IMPACT ON LAWENFORCEMENT - Term Paper Example Some areas where statistics has had an impact on law enforcement are; Statistics is employed in conducting survey about the law enforcement agencies. The variables subjected to analysis include the number of state police, municipal police, special police, sheriff departments and count police. The aim of conducting the analysis is to determine on average the number of people served by one policeman. Based on the outcome, significant changes can be effected to improve the number of the law enforcement agencies thus improving services offered to the civilians. The program used to conduct the research is the law enforcement and administrative statistics (LEMAS). This statistical survey also presents other information about the law enforcement agencies, this information include the spending, salaries to employees, levels of employment and departmental functions, based on this information, the agencies can be improved. Thus applying statistics improve the law enforcement process (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2009). Lawyers use statistical tools for their data evaluation and presentation. In the industrial tax appeals, regression analysis of the sales has to be conducted in the determination of tax. This involves econometrics, computation of variance and plays a significant role in determination of the actual value. Lawyers also use statistical tools to evaluate data and evidence presented to him. Lawyers equipped with statistical methods defend their clients better. Lawyers also use deductive logic to defend their clients. Lawyers involved in civil suits have to use statistical tools to compute interests, percentages, tax, proportions, monetary computations and other numerous valuations involved when settling legal claims. The use of statistics tools therefore aid the lawyers in deducing correct descions as well as in calculation of

Case study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Case study - Research Paper Example third power of taxation which is often contentious because it can be subject to different objectives (such as the purpose or intent of the tax so levied) and what constitutes a reasonable tax rate. In this regard, anything that falls within the purview in the legitimate commerce of man can be subject to taxation by the government which includes incomes, goods, services and funds. Federal law does not prevent people from using marijuana (Shohov 15). The current or renewed interest in marijuana due to its supposed medicinal qualities is the subject of much debate among health groups and in the medical community. Marijuana has a long history of medicinal use as a form of herbal or alternative therapy. Although it still is being contested, among its ascribed medicinal benefits are amelioration of nausea, reducing intra-ocular pressure (primary cause of glaucoma) and as an analgesic (pain reliever). People who argue for legalization of recreational marijuana use and possession say smoking it does not cause any serious side effects similar to tobacco or alcohol which cause the serious health problems like cancer, heart problems, birth defects, emphysema and liver damage. States are now re-considering their laws against marijuana use and possession due to these medical claims showing marijuana smoking does not lead to respiratory health hazards or chronic lung diseases. Advocates for its legalization cite how states had used exaggerated, groundless claims, meaningless statistics and anecdotal scare stories to discourage the people from using or smoking marijuana. Further, marijuana users admit that its use only causes mild short-term memory loss (while still under its influence) but does not impair the long-term memory. The only downside is the potential to overuse it which causes lethargic behavior but like any controlled substance, it can also lead to abuse. Medical-related studies showed that it does not cause brain damage or lowers the immune system or induce

Adidas and Adidas Pops Competitive Advantage

Adidas and Adidas Pops Competitive Advantage Three strategies that will Increase Adidas and Adidas Pops Competitive Advantage A competitive advantage is modelled around the question of why a consumer should purchase a product from a given company when there are other numerous alternatives (Gebauer, Gustafsson Witell, 2011). According to Kumar et al. (2011), competitive advantage is the force behind a companys sustainability and long-term survival, and as a result, scholars have devised numerous frameworks such as the 5Cs of marketing and Porters five-force model to evaluate the organisational competitive advantage. In this section I have identified three strategies that a high number of firms employ to gain a competitive advantage and which could be employed to increase the competitive advantage of Adidas and its new product Adidas Pop. 1. Differentiation Over the years it has become apparent that markets have become most turbulent and competitive for manufacturing firms and pricing strategies are no longer sufficient to keep an organisation competitive (Gebauer, Gustafsson Witell, 2011; Valipour, Birjandi Honarbakhsh, 2012). In some industries however, businesses still use price wars to undermine their competitors (Zhang Round, 2011). However, lowering prices for competitiveness is unsustainable in the long run and, as a result, many companies have resorted to other strategies to help differentiate themselves from competitors (Valipour, Birjandi Honarbakhsh, 2012).ÂÂ   According to Valipour, Birjandi Honarbakhsh (2012), traditionally, manufacturing organisations focused on products to the neglect of customer needs. However, this approach has changed and now, customer needs largely inform the product process (Kumar et al., 2011). The Adidas differentiation strategy is built around establishing the company as a premium qualit y and highly innovative brand that not only sells sports apparel but can positively impact consumer lifestyles (Kohli Jaworski, 1990). To achieve this strategy, Adidas has developed a number of highly innovative products and has also collaborated with high profile fashion designers to create sportswear that is both functional and fashionable (Adidas, 2016). The move has led many consumers around the world to use Adidas products as a fashion statement instead of for sportswear (Gebauer, Gustafsson Witell, 2011), which has seen the Adidas market share grow in line with its business strategy. As part of the Adidas product range, Adidas Pop will utilise a similar customer-centric differentiation strategy to set itself apart in the emerging markets of Asia. Despite retailing at a comparatively premium price, Adidas Pop will appeal to the targeted markets 19 to 29 year-olds who want to live the Adidas lifestyle. This differentiation strategy will require the input of the marketing and p roduction departments, as well as the RD unit to collect consumer wants and capture them in a product that accurately addresses their needs. To measure the success of the differentiation strategy, the organisation will evaluate the development and products costs with actual sales. 2. Alliances Strategic partnerships are vital to businesses, as evidenced by Adidas decision to form an alliance with Reebok to penetrate the North American market and outsource its manufacturing functions to third parties in China to cut on production costs (Evans Richardson, 2007). Furthermore, Adidas has also formed alliances with distributors such as wholesalers and franchisees, to penetrate markets that are otherwise too costly for the company to set their shops in (Adidas, 2016a). Without these strategic alliances with both manufacturers and distributors in China, the vision for Adidas Pop would be impossible or extremely costly to establish. However, because of Adidas strategic partnerships, the Adidas Pop can be operationalised and could possibly break even within the first year. However, while strategic alliances are increasingly becoming a popular practice in the corporate world, they are not always beneficial to all involved parties (Hamel Pralahad, 1985; Tax Brown, 1998). For examp le, critics observe that after 11 years of an alliance, Reebok lags in sales, in which while the three other brands profits have been growing at 16 percent annually, for the same period, those of Reebok grow by approximately five percent (Adidas, 2016). In such cases, Buhalis Crotts (2013) suggest the use of partnership performance measurement systems such as the Balanced Scorecard to determine the financial and non-financial position of Adidas Pops potential allies. 3. Cost Leadership Developed by Michael Porter, cost leadership is a way of establishing a competitive advantage by keeping costs at the lowest level (Kaliappen Hilman, 2013) If the cost for Adidas products can be kept lower than those of Nike or its other competitors then it is possible to create a competitive advantage. It is important to note however that keeping costs at the lowest level possible is not such an easy task. Costs need to be managed across the entire chain from the very beginning to the very end. According to Kaliappen Hilman (2013), a balanced mix of a cost leadership strategy enhances organisational performance. Cost leadership is mainly internal-oriented as opposed to other competitive strategies such as the differentiation strategy that focus on the external environment (D. Banker, Mashruwala Tripathy, 2014). According to D. Banker, Mashruwala Tripathy (2014), cost leadership involves total costs control, in which, the production budget is solely focused on the most necessary processes. Adidas main competitive strategies are differentiation and strategic alliances. However, cost leadership will also be a useful strategy for Adidas Pop, in which the central focus will be total cost minimisation. Moreover, cost leadership is beneficial in keeping debts levels down and monitoring operations costs (Valipour, Birjandi Honarbakhsh, 2012).

Communication’s Effect on Effective Conflict Management

The process of effective conflict management is very complex. There are many elements that one must master in order to become effective at conflict resolution. In life, we will be faced with a myriad of people, all with different views and opinions; so naturally, we will be faced with conflict at some point in our lives. Once conflict is initiated (intentionally or not), it is important to keep a cool head and remember a few steps. According to our textbook, there are 5 stages for successful conflict resolution which are prelude to conflict, the triggering event, the initiation phase, the differentiation phase, and the resolution phase (Cahn & Abigail, 2007). It is very important to identify and learn these stages so they can be present in our minds during times of conflict. The first stage is the prelude to conflict stage. This stage deals with the tension that arises right before a conflict becomes external. Communication plays a large role in this stage. If communication fails, conflict will ensue. Communication can fail if one or more involved parties communicate with a negative connotation, tone, or word choice. Other things such as sharing too much information or not enough can also have a detrimental effect on communication at this point. All of these factors, although generally considered small components of communication, can lay the foundation for conflict. During this stage, the correct thing to do is to stop talking for a brief moment and examine one’s own emotions in an attempt to control them. Oftentimes, our inability to control our emotions will cloud our judgment and will only help to escalate the issue. It is also important to deal with the preconceived notions that we may have as these too can have an impact on our judgment. According to the attribution theory, â€Å"people act as they do in conflict situation because of the conclusions they draw about each other† (Cahn & Abigail, 2007). In most cases, our body language will also betray us and will project the negative feelings we may be experiencing. Many times, we can misread a person and this may lead to what is known as false conflict. â€Å"Perception of conflict is a cognitive factor that encompasses an individual’s position toward conflict in general,†(Ben-Ari & Hirshberg, 2009). It is for this reason that it is very important to make a serious effort to eliminate prejudgments and any negative body language that goes with it. Taking these steps during phase 1 will prevent setting a tone of hostility and will eliminate any unnecessary conflict. Phase 2 of the conflict refers to the actual event or events that trigger the conflict. This is a very important factor because by determining the trigger, we can focus on what the real conflict is and identify it. By focusing on the trigger, we can focus on the events and facts, rather than on the emotions behind the conflict. When addressing a conflict it is important to stay professional at all times,† (â€Å"Diffusing conflict,† 2010). This will help keep the focus on the conflict itself and should help keep communication from becoming hostile. It is also important to isolate and identify the true conflict as oftentimes, resulting emotions will cloud our better judgment. Once we have a better assessment of what the true conflict is, we can move to the next phase of the process. The next phase is known as the initiation phase. During the initiation phase, it is important to state the problem. Ideally, this process should foster communication. In order to move forward towards a successful resolution, it is important that all sides get to state their side of the conflict. Communication at this point becomes critical to solving the problem. It is also important to keep an open mind and listen to everything that is said. In many cases, others may have been offended by something we do or say without us knowing it. In order to successfully resolve the conflict, it is not enough to simply state the conflict and listen to all sides of the issue, but rather it is important to present possible solutions to the problem. The most effective way to ensure resolution is to formulate an adequate conflict strategy. Conflict strategies are â€Å"overall plans consisting of a cluster of behaviors that people use in a specific conflict situation† (Abigail & Cahn, 2007). This should occur during the following phase which is known as the differentiation phase. During this phase, it is advised that you analyze the information exchanged in the previous stages and work to formulate an adequate conflict strategy suitable for this particular conflict. Ideally, this process should foster an open, honest communication amongst the affected parties. It is important that everyone involved keep an open mind so that all possibilities are heard and so that we may keep our conflict strategy flexible. Again, communication plays a pivotal role in determining the success of the conflict strategy. The use of active listening and clear communication will be useful in getting all resolution ideas out on the table. It is important to be clear about what you expect from this conflict but it is of equal importance to listen to what the other party is seeking from this conflict. The final phase is the resolution phase. During this step, the affected parties should work together to achieve a realistic resolution that will benefit both parties. Part of good communication is having good listening skills. Once you reach this step, the conflict should be de-escalated and should be much easier to find middle ground. Since all sides have stated their positions and desires in the previous steps of this conflict, it is important to remember that emotions may still be raw. Communication and respect should take precedent in this phase in order to avoid falling into the pitfalls of conflict once again. A good resolution should fulfill certain requirements in order to be considered a success. First and foremost, the resolution should be considered fair and reasonable. Although, realistically, not everyone will get their way, everyone should be able to feel like they understand why they are not getting what they feel like they deserve. Feeling that the resolution was fair and unbiased will help prevent future conflict. The agreement should also be realistic and specific enough so that everyone may know what needs to be done and when. In order to proceed, everyone needs to understand what their role is for this resolution. It is also important to clarify the details of the resolution such as defining whether it is self-governed or whether it counts on others to enforce it (Ohrd, 2010). Once these precedents have been set and everyone understands the terms of the agreement, resolution is complete. One additional step is to follow up. Following up is not a traditional step in the conflict management process, but it has become a very important way of â€Å"going above and beyond. It serves as a gesture of goodwill and also helps to ensure that the terms of resolution are being met. It is also just as important to ensure that one keeps their own end of the resolution during the follow up phase as failure to do so will only cause yet another conflict to arise. As a customer service representative, I am faced with conflict on a daily basis. My communication skills have to be sharp as I am an over-the-phone representative for a national cell phone company. I deal with people from all walks of life and from all parts of the country. Usually, when a person phones in to the cell phone company, it is because they are experiencing an issue or are upset about something. Finally understanding the affect communication has on the conflict process has helped me improve in my conflict resolution skills at work. While at work, my main tool is communication since I am over the phone and I must get my point across verbally. One of my main functions is to de-escalate a customer that is calling in upset. Often, a customer will call in screaming and yelling because of their anger and frustration. At first, it was very hard not to get upset and respond in a similar manner. I have learned that I am the face of the company and in the customers’ minds, I am the company itself so the conflict is not with me personally, but rather the company. With this in mind, I realize how important it is for me to keep my tone and word choice professional. Phase 1 is extremely important in my job because it lays the foundation for how the call will go. Once a call gets off to a bad start, it is very hard to turn it around, so I have to get it right. Phase 2 usually occurs very early on in the call since the customer calling already knows what their conflict is. It is my job to actively listen to what issues the customer is experiencing and then move on to phase 3 so that I may analyze what the customer said and identify the problem. Although most customers are very straightforward with stating the problem, sometimes even they are not sure about what the real conflict is. They only know the issues they are experiencing. One common example of this is when a customer calls in to cancel their line because their bill is consistently high. After listening to what they feel is the problem, my phase 3 procedure is to analyze their account and identify the cause of the high bills. On my most recent example, the cause of the high bills was minute overages. I proceeded to check their account’s history and they had consistently been going over in their minutes for months. Phase 4 of my conflict resolution in this case would involve explaining the true cause of the high bills and suggesting a plan that better fits the customer’s needs. This solution is often met with some resistance, initially, because the customer does not see the benefit for them. They see a plan with more minutes that will cost them more money, so it is my job to help the customer see the benefit of what I am proposing. Someone who usually pays $30 in overages on average per month would benefit greatly by changing to a plan that is $10 more per month but would include enough minutes to suit their use. In order to achieve this, effective communication must take place. By phase 4, I should have already calmed the customer down, listened to their issues, and identified the problem. When presenting the solution, I must also be very careful in my tone and word choice as these are my tools to resolve the conflict. Both my tone and word choice have to project confidence and professionalism. Customers need to feel that they are dealing with a professional who is a specialist to help them so that they can keep an open mind to what I will suggest to them. The 5th phase is the resolution phase. In this particular situation, the customer has the last word in choosing the resolution, but it is my job to steer them towards a resolution that is positive for both the customer and the company. This final process requires that we recap all of the information discussed and reinforce that the decision being made is the correct one. This provides additional closure to help the customer feel confident that they are making an informed decision with a professional company. The last step of the conflict resolution process in this scenario is the follow-up. We have several methods of performing follow-ups with our customers. One way of following up with the customer is through our post-call surveys. Customers receive follow-up calls from our customer service department and answer a series of questions as to how their customer service representative treated them and if their conflict was solved adequately. This is a very important step because aside from re-affirming the importance of communication with our customer, it also helps the company know what types of conflict are not being resolved efficiently. Another way that the company seeks to follow-up with our customers is by having customer service representatives perform follow-up reviews on customers’ accounts. Generally, we are given time at the beginning of our shift to review the accounts we have handled previously. We document whether or not the customer has called back within 48 hours of their last contact with us. The theory behind this is that if we are doing an effective job of resolving conflict with the customer as a company, the customer’s issue should be resolved in one call. If the customer has called back within 48 hours of their call with you, then you did not adequately solve their issues and the conflict continued. By performing follow-up reviews, the company can keep track of your one call resolution accuracy and can coach each representative on specific types of calls that they need help on based on their one call resolution review. This follow up review is effective in that it shows the company’s commitment to getting the conflict resolved for the customer and it also shows the company’s commitment to helping the employee succeed and improve. The process of conflict management, although complex, relies heavily on the use of effective communication. Conflict management is a part of daily life and recognizing the importance of communication will increase the rate of success in dealing with conflict. Learning to communicate clearly and openly will make mastering the art of conflict management a much more pleasant experience.References http://www.ohrd.wisc.edu/onlinetraining/resolution/step8.htm

Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002 - 1635 Words

In order to prevent the happening of such disaster, the USA congress enact a new regulation named Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 , also called â€Å"Public Company Accounting Reform and investor Protection Act† The main purpose of the act is to protect shareholders and general public from accounting errors and fraudulent practices in the enterprise, as well as improve the accuracy of corporate disclosures. (Mike Oxley 2002). Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is deemed to be one of the most virtual governance reforms and corporate disclosure in the United States history. This act made it possible to quantity the responsibilities of company’s management. Pursuing personal interests is nature calling and nobody can predict the future accurately, which†¦show more content†¦2.2 PCAOB In some particular case, the accounting standards exactly are the problems. The legislation fixed it though asking those special institution, such as the Securities and commission and the Financial Accounting Standards Board, to tighten the accounting standards. For instants, the â€Å"special purpose entities†, that is a institution created by non-profit company , used to treat some particular risk facing by the company during their operating. Nevertheless, in Enron’s case, such institution seems just like useless decorations for their fraud. As required in Sarbanes-Oxley, the capital of Financial Accounting Standard Board should come from itself or public companies. Have no benefit-based relationship with accountants. It ensure that the membership of Financial Accounting Standard Board was independent from accounting operation. The rise in accounting restatements and earnings manipulation suggested that the deeper issue was not with the accounting standards themselves , but rather with the enforcement of those standards through auditing (Bratton, 2003). The Sarbanes-Oxley created a new institution in the first section named Public Company Accounting Oversight Board(PCAOB). During those years before the create of PCAOB, there were some independent agency and private regulatory institution, such as SEC and American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. A common problem of those institution was that the quality of audits was cheap. For

A Critique of Three Kings Essay - 1051 Words

A Critique of Three Kings Three Kings (1999) shows the use of various genres such as war, adventure-when the four soldiers set off to steal and find the gold, comedy-a map found in a prisoners bum, an exploding cow, action-a man diving for the camera in slow motion whilst a truck explodes behind him and drama. The premise of the film is that in the aftermath of the gulf war, four soldiers set out to find gold that was stolen from Kuwait, but they discover people who need their help. The narrative structure of Three Kings comprises a prologue which includes the main characters in the film; George Clooney†¦show more content†¦The opening of the film begins with the view of an arid landscape with the voice of someone shouting in the background. The camera then moves to a side-view of a soldier who shouts Are we shooting people or what? and the camera swings to a civilian who was wav ing a flag in an attempt to surrender. In some parts of the film the use of slang was used e.g. rag head, towel head which refers mainly to the Iraqis wearing turbans. There was also a shot of a cross-way argument where the audience can follow two different scenes at the same time. Several codes and conventions were used in the film such as NBC which represents the American News Network, and the US and Iraqi flag in various backgrounds in the film. In the film there were several jump shots for example after showing the opening scene where the Iraqi got shot, the camera jumps to the base camp where the soldiers were celebrating their victory of the war. Freeze frames were used to introduce the main characters which gave the audience the effect of realism because the characters were speaking to the camera. The sequence where the news reporter was doing cuts and un-cuts shows how the news is being manipulated for the audience to decide on taking sides and to have an idea of whats going on. 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The Archaeological Theory Of Practice - 1451 Words

In the Archaeological Theory in Practice textbook, the positive legacies of Culture History are detailed by V. Gordon Childe’s archaeological theory processes. It emphasized that cultural History subdivided historical societies into distinct ethnic and cultural groups by their physical culture, rejecting a comparative method and independent cultural development, with documentation reflecting the development of specific groups have distinctive set of traits unique to each cultural group. It explained change was caused by diffusion and migration in which research with spatial and temporal time and space systematics to shape cultural forms over time that determine human behavior. Each culture has importance in origins and is a unique†¦show more content†¦This framework, as continued by lecture, defined material conditions of existence using generalizations in similarities and patterns in terms of adaptations of cultures as integrated systems of behavior rather than just traits. 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For this question, outline and discuss the various types of materials and how archaeologists survey, excavate, and analyze what they find in sites. Be sure to discuss at least two survey methods and two excavation techniques. Archaeology can be defined as a subdiscipline of anthropology involving the study of the human past through its materials. To fully understand what archaeology is and what itRead MoreImportance Of Time, Context And Material1309 Words   |  6 Pagesare to make a serious effort, we cannot separate the two disciplines. Anthropology can provide theories derived from ethnographic studies of modern cultures, and these can then be combined with the material remains recovered by archaeology. However, this must be done with great caution, because â€Å"†¦there is a suspicion that models drawn from anthropology will overwhelm the scantness of the archaeological evidence, making it impossible to think about the different nature of the past (White with O’ConnellRead MoreGed 210 Unit 1 Examination Answers960 Words   |  4 PagesVenezuela †¢ helping to illuminate the migrations of humans throughout the world †¢ using computer technology to do cross-cultural comparisons. 1. Kelley Hays-Gilpin, a southwestern U.S. Archaeologist, studied: †¢ Brazil †¢ gender approaches to the archaeological record †¢ tropical rainforests. †¢ East Africa 1. The people known as classical archaeologists conduct research on: †¢ ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome. †¢ the evolution of prehistoric stone tools. †¢ societies of the more recent pastRead MoreAcademic Narrative1262 Words   |  6 Pagesmegaliths and menhirs in Germany. Having come to Lampeter later the same year, I wrote a second M.A. thesis also about the various meanings of megaliths, but this time focussing on the theoretical background of Radical Constructivism and Reception Theory as well as on prehistoric and historic case-studies. As I had to make a decision about my Ph.D. research topic early in 1994, this topic seemed to be interesting and promising to pursue further. I chose later prehistory as a time period, since I wasRead MoreI Discovered : A Profound Enthusiasm For Learning About The Lives Of Ancient Peoples That Has Furthered My Determination1298 Words   |  6 Pagesuncovering certain facts, like the steles’ original locations; in the case of one stele, the Mesha Stele, its original location is not known. This lack of information challenged me to look at the information I did have more carefully i n order to form theories and make conclusions. My analyses led me to conclude that the steles are much more dynamic than may be thought. They functioned for their makers for a variety of communicative purposes, not fitting into a one-size-fits-all or one-size-fits-mostRead MoreThe Nature Of Human Activity1921 Words   |  8 Pagesdistinguish explicit expressions of theory within the archaeological reports that follow excavations. However, it is nearly impossible to find empiricism, which is an inherently implicit element of theory and is therefore very difficult to express outright. The most general definition is that empiricism holds that knowledge comes through sense and experience. In archaeology, an additional facet is added to the definition: the ability of items of the archaeological record, artifacts or data, to speak