The Archaeological Theory Of Practice - 1451 Words

In the Archaeological Theory in Practice textbook, the positive legacies of Culture History are detailed by V. Gordon Childe’s archaeological theory processes. It emphasized that cultural History subdivided historical societies into distinct ethnic and cultural groups by their physical culture, rejecting a comparative method and independent cultural development, with documentation reflecting the development of specific groups have distinctive set of traits unique to each cultural group. It explained change was caused by diffusion and migration in which research with spatial and temporal time and space systematics to shape cultural forms over time that determine human behavior. Each culture has importance in origins and is a unique†¦show more content†¦This framework, as continued by lecture, defined material conditions of existence using generalizations in similarities and patterns in terms of adaptations of cultures as integrated systems of behavior rather than just traits. Processual Archaeology emphasizes on research design and analytical techniques with changes in research sampling, drawing more directly on statistics to capture diversity, gathering data to permit reconstruction of human environment interactions occurring within a wide array of settlements with data reflecting recurring patterns of cultural forms explicable by general adaptive processes. 2. Compare and contrast the thinkers from Part IV of Moore with those from Part V. (25%) In contrast to Boasian anthropology, Part IV of Moore thinkers, Leslie White, Julian Steward, Marvin Harris, and Eleanor Burke Leacock, proposed a series of scientific laws linking cultural change to different spheres of material existence indirectly addressing the contributions of Marx and Engel materialism. Part IV contributed the conceptualization of cultural evolution out of earlier cultural forms regardless of the role of individuals. That the changes are inevitable with a deterministic view emphasizing environment and technology rather than social relations of production models and adaption to the environment in cultural changes. The idea of cultures evolved over time to specific environments. Steward’s ideasShow MoreRelatedHistorical Research On Modern Canadian Archaeological Practice Essay726 Words   |  3 PagesModern Canadian archaeological practice should close of the gaps between the aims of archaeologists and indigenous peoples (Nicholas 2001:30-33, 38, 2008:1660, 2010:10-13). Historically, archaeological research is rooted in a colonial practice interpreting the past because experts based in Western science evaluate and redefine local and regional histories (McNiven and Russell 2005:1-8; Nicholas 2005:89; Watkins 2012:260-262). Many northern Canadian aboriginal communities grapple with this form ofRead MoreWhat Do We Expect Our Future? Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pages The preservation of all arc haeological sites allows us knowledge yes, but it is the ability to compare sites to see which cultures influenced the development of other cultures is the new way to learn about ourselves. The area on to start with is Halos. This area is in South-East part of Thessaly, and like other parts of the region has been a great source to learn about ancient Greece. â€Å"The first tumulus (Tumulus E) was excavated in 1899 by the local archaeological society ‘Othrys’† (GeorganisRead MoreEssay on The History and Heritage of Society1671 Words   |  7 Pagesconsumed (Tunbridge and Ashworth 1996). In my thesis, I will discuss how we understand and use the past in the commodification of heritage and attempt to determine whose past is important or at work in Tombstone, Arizona. Using archaeological heritage theory and dissonant heritage theory, I will trace the relationship between the past used in heritage and its contemporary functions. This relationship maybe determined by examining the kinds of questions asked by cemetery landscape studies assist in determiningRead MoreThe Egyptian Reserve Heads Essay1620 Words   |  7 Pageshave remained an enigma since their first finding. Funerary anomalies, their composition, characteristic features, and placement have sparked multiple theories about their significance within the private funerary cult and within Egyptian culture in the Fourth Dynasty. The study of the reserve heads is dependent upon the understanding that no one theory will account for all of their attributes. Any one publication on the subject seems to raise more questions than it ultimately attempts to answer. Read MoreTypes Of Materials And Archaeological Sites1437 Words   |  6 Pages1) What is archaeology? What are the types of materials found in archaeological sites? For this question, outline and discuss the various types of materials and how archaeologists survey, excavate, and analyze what they find in sites. Be sure to discuss at least two survey methods and two excavation techniques. Archaeology can be defined as a subdiscipline of anthropology involving the study of the human past through its materials. To fully understand what archaeology is and what itRead MoreImportance Of Time, Context And Material1309 Words   |  6 Pagesare to make a serious effort, we cannot separate the two disciplines. Anthropology can provide theories derived from ethnographic studies of modern cultures, and these can then be combined with the material remains recovered by archaeology. However, this must be done with great caution, because â€Å"†¦there is a suspicion that models drawn from anthropology will overwhelm the scantness of the archaeological evidence, making it impossible to think about the different nature of the past (White with O’ConnellRead MoreGed 210 Unit 1 Examination Answers960 Words   |  4 PagesVenezuela †¢ helping to illuminate the migrations of humans throughout the world †¢ using computer technology to do cross-cultural comparisons. 1. Kelley Hays-Gilpin, a southwestern U.S. Archaeologist, studied: †¢ Brazil †¢ gender approaches to the archaeological record †¢ tropical rainforests. †¢ East Africa 1. The people known as classical archaeologists conduct research on: †¢ ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome. †¢ the evolution of prehistoric stone tools. †¢ societies of the more recent pastRead MoreAcademic Narrative1262 Words   |  6 Pagesmegaliths and menhirs in Germany. Having come to Lampeter later the same year, I wrote a second M.A. thesis also about the various meanings of megaliths, but this time focussing on the theoretical background of Radical Constructivism and Reception Theory as well as on prehistoric and historic case-studies. As I had to make a decision about my Ph.D. research topic early in 1994, this topic seemed to be interesting and promising to pursue further. I chose later prehistory as a time period, since I wasRead MoreI Discovered : A Profound Enthusiasm For Learning About The Lives Of Ancient Peoples That Has Furthered My Determination1298 Words   |  6 Pagesuncovering certain facts, like the steles’ original locations; in the case of one stele, the Mesha Stele, its original location is not known. This lack of information challenged me to look at the information I did have more carefully i n order to form theories and make conclusions. My analyses led me to conclude that the steles are much more dynamic than may be thought. They functioned for their makers for a variety of communicative purposes, not fitting into a one-size-fits-all or one-size-fits-mostRead MoreThe Nature Of Human Activity1921 Words   |  8 Pagesdistinguish explicit expressions of theory within the archaeological reports that follow excavations. However, it is nearly impossible to find empiricism, which is an inherently implicit element of theory and is therefore very difficult to express outright. The most general definition is that empiricism holds that knowledge comes through sense and experience. In archaeology, an additional facet is added to the definition: the ability of items of the archaeological record, artifacts or data, to speak

The Effects of Slavery on African-Americans Free Essays

Slavery obviously had no small affect on the lives of millions of African-Americans in America. Both the North and South had strict rules on how the race was placed in society, rules that placed them far beneath any social class in America. It could be said that even free slaves, could never actually be â€Å"free† due to a complete lack of social equality granted by the American Government. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Slavery on African-Americans or any similar topic only for you Order Now Blacks were treated as something less than a human being, something like a product; this product was sold and traded around the country, and was the basis of the entire country’s economy. Working in the fields from dusk to dawn not only hindered African-American’s physically, but also exhausted them in the social and mental aspects of life. Slavery affected the lives of African-Americans in the South and the North by hindering them socially, mentally, and physically. Socially, African-American’s were at the complete bottom of the list. Even the backwoods, workless â€Å"hillbillies† who lived nearly as harsh of lives as the African-Americans did were well above the slaves in social aspects. African-Americans in the South were completely deprived of any sort of education, including the simple knowledge of reading and writing. Black schools in the North were much despised, in one case, a school dedicated to the teaching of African-Americans was drug into a pond by a group of local whites. Blacks, horribly mistreated had virtually no legal rights, and could not even testify against a white person in court. This meant that no matter how brutally a slave was beaten, he could not do a thing about it. The â€Å"free† blacks had little freedom also, and were treated as a kind of â€Å"third race† in society. These people were essentially slaves still, only without a master. Secondly, African-Americans were hindered very much in the mental aspect. Blacks had no hope of social mobility in their country and recognized this. This, to many blacks became a degrading truth. They also felt deprived of their dignity and responsibility in the world. Knowing all of these depressing truths, many blacks esentially gave up and stopped putting so much effort into their role in society. Thus began the stereotype of the â€Å"lazy† African-American, who did just enough to get by, or purposely destroyed machinery in hopes of dodging work. Treatment of blacks within the family varied, some blacks in the upper South were treated as family while blacks in the deep South were whipped and branded on a regular basis. Lastly, the most apparent type of abuse that the African-Americans had to deal with was the physical abuse. Blacks toiled in the fields of cotton from dusk to dawn during their long work days. Masters were allowed to punish their slaves as they pleased, allowing them to whip their slaves if they weren’t pleased with their effort. The Government offered no real type of protection to slaves due to the law that forbidded any African-American to testify against a white in court. Even African-Americans that were finally free had to fear that they may be recaptured at any moment, and they could do nothnig about it. In the North, blacks were definitely a rare race. The blacks that were seen were discriminated against significantly, some blacks weren’t even allowed entrance to certain states! In conclusion, African-Americans were placed at the pit of society throughout the 19th century. They had virtually no rights, and were worked tirelessly for a lifetime. African-Americans were not only exhausted by physical work, but they were also beaten in the mental and social aspects. Blacks almost always kept hope, and used the idea of being a free black as motivation, though this third race didn’t have such a well-off life either. Slavery affected the lives of African-Americans in the South and the North by hindering them socially, mentally, and physically. How to cite The Effects of Slavery on African-Americans, Essay examples

Love In Wuthering Heights Essay Example For Students

Love In Wuthering Heights Essay Love and Lovabilityâ€Å"There is no character in Wuthering Heights who is completely lovable, who wins our sympathy completely.†(Bloom 99) Love, in one way or another is the force which makes people unlikable. In Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, people’s adoration for one another is the reason why no character is completely lovable. Receiving too much attention spoiled Catherine Earnshaw. Heathcliff was disliked because he had to grow up without a real family to love him. Finally, Hindley turned into a pitiful man because of the love that he lost. For some, affection can change people for the better, but for others love can be a poison for their souls. Being the only daughter, Catherine was endeared by all those around her. The unwavering love that her family and friends gave her soured her disposition. While on a business trip, her father told his children that they could choose any gift that they wanted. Catherine, being a good rider, â€Å"chose a whip.†(40) When she learned that Heathcliff was the reason why she did not get her present, she responded â€Å"by grinning and spitting at the stupid little thing.†(41) Since she was used to getting everything that she wanted, she became haughty and had no respect for other people’s feelings.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Why canst thou not always be a good lass, Cathy?†And she turned her face up to his, and laughed, and answered,â€Å"Why cannot you always be a good man, Father?† (47)Even on his deathbed, Catherine chose to vex her father instead of comforting him. Catherine’s faults, which can be attributed to her rich upbringing, do not endear her to readers . Heathcliff, being the villain of the tale, is the most horrid character in Wuthering Heights. He manipulates everyone around him and has no regard for anyone but himself. His rotten nature can be traced back to his early years when he was a â€Å"poor, fatherless child.†(43) The lack of parental love and guidance made his life a difficult one. Heathcliff was an unwanted child who brought turmoil to a previously happy household. â€Å"So from the very beginning, he bred bad feelings in the house.†(42) Instead of rising from his poor position, he degenerated into an evil beast. When Catherine had begun to spend more time at Thrushcross Grange with the Linton’s, Heathcliff lost his self-respect and dignity. â€Å"If he were careless and uncared for before Catherine’s absence, he had been ten times more so since.†(56) Heathcliff’s character is truly tragic because his mean disposition is a result of not getting the love that everyone deserves. The old adage that â€Å"It is better to have loved and lost than to have never loved at all,† is not true in Hindley’s case. The path to his demise began when Heathcliff moved into Wuthering Heights. In Hindley’s eyes, Heathcliff took his place in the family. He saw Heathcliff as â€Å"a usurper of his father’s affections and his privileges.†(42) The young vagabond was quieter and gentler so he became a favourite of Mr. Earnshaw. Hindley’s luck took a turn for the worst when his wife, Frances, died. When she passed away, a part of himself died too. His common sense and rationality slowly disintegrated into ashes. â€Å"The servants could not bear his tyrannical and evil conduct long.†(68) He soon turned to alcohol for salvation, but his drinking habits only made him worse. Soon enough, Hindley was â€Å"degrading himself past redemption, and became daily more notable for savage sullenness and ferocity.†(68) Losing both his fath er’s and his wife’s love changed Hindley into a spiteful man who was full of hatred. Love can be a splendid thing, but passionate feelings can also turn people into hateful creatures. For Catherine, too much love was her undoing. In Heathcliff’s case, the absence of parental love doomed him to a life as a bitter, vengeful man. Lastly, lost love and heartbreak destroyed everything kind and gentle about Hindley. Love can make life seem worthwhile, but love can also destroy all that is good about people too. BibliographyBibliographyBronte, Emily. Wuthering Heights. New York: New American Library, 1959. .u1ed8c001b66ef8cd00d868ab24f163a0 , .u1ed8c001b66ef8cd00d868ab24f163a0 .postImageUrl , .u1ed8c001b66ef8cd00d868ab24f163a0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1ed8c001b66ef8cd00d868ab24f163a0 , .u1ed8c001b66ef8cd00d868ab24f163a0:hover , .u1ed8c001b66ef8cd00d868ab24f163a0:visited , .u1ed8c001b66ef8cd00d868ab24f163a0:active { border:0!important; } .u1ed8c001b66ef8cd00d868ab24f163a0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1ed8c001b66ef8cd00d868ab24f163a0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1ed8c001b66ef8cd00d868ab24f163a0:active , .u1ed8c001b66ef8cd00d868ab24f163a0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1ed8c001b66ef8cd00d868ab24f163a0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1ed8c001b66ef8cd00d868ab24f163a0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1ed8c001b66ef8cd00d868ab24f163a0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1ed8c001b66ef8cd00d868ab24f163a0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1ed8c001b66ef8cd00d868ab24f163a0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1ed8c001b66ef8cd00d868ab24f163a0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1ed8c001b66ef8cd00d868ab24f163a0 .u1ed8c001b66ef8cd00d868ab24f163a0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1ed8c001b66ef8cd00d868ab24f163a0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Europe and the rest of the world EssayBloom, Harold. â€Å"Introduction†. Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights. Ed. H. Bloom. New York: Chelsea House, 1987. 97-100English Essays

Joy Luck Club Essays (584 words) - Chinatown, San Francisco

Joy Luck Club Joy Luck Club Final Essay: #4 Literary Analysis by Dustin Adams The Joy Luck Club is a representation of the persistent tensions and powerful bonds between mother and daughter in a Chinese American society and is written by Amy Tan. The book illustrates the hardships both the mother and daughters go through in order to please the other. Also, it shows the troubles the daughters face when growing up in two cultures. This book reveals that most of the time mothers really do know best. Throughout all of the Jing-Mei Woo stories, June has to recall all of the memories of what her mother had told her. She remembers how her mother left her babies during the war. June's mother felt that since she had failed as a mother to her first babies she had failed as a person. When she made June take piano lessons June thought that she was trying to make her become a child prodigy like Waverly, but her mother did this because she knew it would benefit June for the rest of her life. Because of the death of her mother, June was forced to take the place of her mother in more than just filling her place at the Maj Jong table. The mother daughter tradition was broken because the lost babies were found after the death of their mother. June's trip to China can be seen as the completion of her mother's promise to return, honoring her sisters by attempting to transfer what she had absorbed from her mother and her tradition. ?And I think, My mother is right. I am becoming Chinese?(Tan 306). This is what June thinks as she crosses into China. Like the Taoist Yin/Yang symbol, June and her mother have become two of the same thing. The only difference being their thoughts, June with American, her mother with Chinese. This has kept the mother-daughter tradition alive but has also weakened it. This happens often, but there is always something that sticks and is passed down from generation to generation. Heredity is the transmission from one generation to the next of factors that determine the traits of offspring. Although successful breeding of plants and animals was practiced by humans long before modern civilizations were established, there is no evidence that these early people understood the nature of hereditary factors or how they are transmitted through reproduction. The story of June and An-mei is a prime example of heredity. Although many girls' worst fears would be turning out like their mother, it can't, in many ways, be helped. June felt slightly hesitant in becoming more like her mother but, it, in the words of June's mother An-mei, Cannot be helped (Tan 306). June's hesitance can be seen in a quote referring to her mothers statement of certain heredity: And when she said this, I saw myself transforming like a werewolf, a mutant tag of DNA suddenly triggered, repplicating itself into a syndrome, a cluster of telltale Chinese behaviors, all of those things my mother did to embarrass me..... (Tan 307). Whether these traits were manifested due to lifelong exposure to her mother, or they were simply genetic, codes of DNA by which June's life and habbits would be determined, one thing, in this case, is for certain: daughters and mothers are alike. It can be seen in everyday life, and Amy Tan beautifully describes and exhibits this fact in her po rtrayl of the stories involving June and her mother. Bibliography none Creative Writing

Emergency Operations Plan Essays

Emergency Operations Plan Essays Emergency Operations Plan Essay Emergency Operations Plan Essay Emergency Operations Plan Roland Brown University of Phoenix Critical Incident Management CJA/560 Ian Moffett November 22, 2010 Emergency Operations Plan Emergency planning has changed very much since the 9/11 attacks. Law enforcement agencies focus more on prevention, preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation. With planning and efforts made by law enforcement agencies, the law enforcement community can provide a comprehensive emergency management and security program (EMHSD/MSP, 2009). The first phase in producing an effective emergency program is prevention. This phase of emergency planning prevents emergencies from occurring. The importance of proactive patrolling is crucial in the prevention of some criminal activity that could lead to an emergency (EMHSD/MSP, 2009). The second phase in producing an effective emergency plan includes the preparedness of law enforcement agencies. Preparedness includes developing, researching, and testing of risk assessments, emergency personnel, notification systems, resources and supplies, and information dissemination. Preparedness will also help coordinate and develop plans to save lives. The third phase in emergency planning is response; this phase provides the assistance during an emergency to prevent further injuries, property damage, and help to accelerate recovery. The response phase also includes the implementation of emergency operational plans, the issuance of public warnings, field operations, and development of incident action plans, and the command, and control of the incident (EMHSD/MSP, 2009). Next, recovery is the fourth phase in emergency planning; this phase is responsible for the recovery and restoring of all systems. Recovery in short-term operations focuses on the return of all vital life support systems including roads, power, water and sewer, and food services to minimum operations. Part of the recovery process also include relocation, counseling, financial aid, and housing. The final phase is the mitigation phase; this long-term phase is designed to prevent the probability of a disaster. The mitigation phase includes activity that will reduce the effects of disasters that include planning, educating the public, enforcing codes, and the use of land management. Planning for an emergency can help ease the cost of a disaster (EMHSD/MSP, 2009). The city of Detroit is a major urban city in this country with approximately 850,000 residents; the city is no stranger to major incidents. In 2004, at the International Freedom Fireworks, a lone gunman fired shots into a large crowd resulted in nine people hurt. The pandemonium this event caused was astronomical, not only was it difficult to attend to the victims, the search for the shooter and setting up a perimeter was difficult. The city of Detroit emergency plan as illustrated by the Detroit Police Department was designed and calculated to handle most emergencies in the event of a major incident. City of Detroit Emergency Plan Emergency incident response was designed to provide general guidelines for responding to a broad range of emergency situation. Examples of these emergency situations may include a barricaded gunman or woman, civil disorder, bomb threats, hazardous material, disasters made naturally or man-made or other incidents of occurrence where a rapid and organized response is needed for an emergency situation. The city of Detroit Police Department shall institute the Incident Command System when responding to an emergency situation. Whenever the Detroit Police Department is the lead agency in responding to an emergency, the responding officer shall assume the tactical control of the emergency as the incident commander. However, in those instances which the Detroit Police Department is not the lead agency such as a hazardous material response or three alarm fires, then the first officers arriving on the scene will provide the initial command until the lead agency arrives (DPD, 2010). Thereafter, a supervisor of the lead agency will then take over the command of the emergency situation. The first officers arriving on the scene will remain and continue to provide law enforcement duties and assist at the direction of the incident commander. In the emergency response procedures the fundamental priorities for officers include Preservation of life Scene stabilization Suspect apprehension Property preservation Evidence collection Environmental protection (DPD, 2010). The City of Detroit emergency plan provides comprehensive instruction for every person involved in responding to the emergency. The first arriving officers on the scene shall perform in sequential order several important procedures: Make an initial assessment of the situation Advise dispatch the nature and scope of the emergency Identify equipment needed and proper personnel Advise on safe avenue to approach scene Notify officer in-charge of district desk (DPD, 2010). The incident commander when arriving on the scene shall first notify dispatch that he or she is taking command of the situation. Second, the incident commander will establish a field command post and staging area in a safe location. The incident commander will also find a way to contain and isolate the situation by setting up a perimeter around the situation. The incident commander is also responsible for providing other key functions including: Delegating authority for other essential operations Site isolation Perimeter security Strike forces Media relations In emergency situations which the Special Response Team is activated the commanding officer of the unit will then assume control of the situation from the incident commander, and all communications will flow through him or her. The SRT commander will not make any decisions without prior consent from the assistant chief or the Chief of Police. In the event the ac or chief is not available, the SRT commander will make any final decisions (DPD, 2010). After careful review of the City of Detroit Emergency Plans several improvements to the plan need revising. In using the SWOT analysis (Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats), the city of Detroit Emergency Plan is evaluated in the below synopsis. |Strength |Weakness |Initial Officer observation |In most cases an officer’s observation may not gather all the information needed to make an | | |assessment. | |Proper notification to dispatch |Most agencies use the same frequency channel, in the event of an emergency jamming up the | | |channel will lock out other units from responding to other emergencies. | |Identifying other personnel |When officers first arrive on the scene, if the officer does not make the proper assessment | |needed on scene |he or she will slow down the efforts of containing the situation. |Proper approach to the scene |None | |Notification of desk personnel |Oftentimes officers arriving first on the scene may not have all the correct information to | | |provide to the desk or in some cases time to inform the desk supervisor if immediate care is | | |needed. |Delegation of authority |Unfortunately, the Detroit Police Department uses a mobilization system that notifies | | |executives when such an emergency occurs and when executives arrive on the scene right after | | |each other the command structure is lost. |Site isolation |None | |Perimeter security | During an emergency situation security personnel cannot always secure the scene if casualties| | |and the wounded need attending to during the initial contact. | |Strike forces |None | |Media relations |The incident commander may allow too much information out to the media that may cause | | |citizens to worry. |Opportunity |Threats | |Preserving life |Conditions at the scene could pose a problem for the victim and the first responders. | |Controlling the scene |The scene conditions could fall apart and pose a threat to first responders at the scene. | |Apprehending suspects at the |If the suspect remains at the scene, it is possible he or she may use other citizens in a | |scene |hostage situation. |Preserving property |While at the scene minimizing the destruction to property would help avoid hazardous | | |conditions once the emergency situation is under control. | |Collection of evidence |Based on the emergency the collection of evidence may cause a hazard if the collection is | | |made immediately when conditions are unstable. |Environmental protection |During hazardous waste emergencies the contamination of the scene will cause irreparable harm| | |to the community. | The emergency plan identifies certain issues a law enforcement agency can achieve in a reasonable amount of time. In addition, law enforcement agencies should avoid overly simplistic goals. However, the goal of the agency should challenge the officers within the boundaries and capabilities of those working toward the goal. The creation of a goal-oriented agency can lead to new enthusiasm among the officers and the mission he or she serves (NetMBA, n. d. ). References Detroit Police Department, (2010). Detroit Police Manual. Series 300 Support Services. Retrieved on November 22, 2010, from the DPD network system. EMHSD/MSP, (2009). Local Emergency Planning Workbook. Retrieved on November 22, 2010, from the website: http://michigan. gov/msp/0,1607,7-123-1593_3507-14743,00. html NetMBA, (n. d. ). SWOT Analysis. Retrieved on November 23, 2010, from the website: netmba. com/strategy/swot/

Authentication Mechanism for Fast Handover PMIPv6 Networks

Authentication Mechanism for Fast Handover PMIPv6 Networks N.S.Nandhinee S.Kayalvizhi    Abstract —The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) proposed a host-based mobility management protocol, called Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) protocol for mobile nodes (MNs) to maintain continuous service when they move among different foreign networks. However, Mobile IPv6 does not provide good service for real-time applications because it causes longer disruptions when the handoff takes place. Recently, the IETF NETLMM working group developed a network-based localized mobility management protocol called Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) to reduce the handoff latency of MIPv6. PMIPv6 still suffers from packet loss problem and signaling overhead. This paper performs a Bicasting scheme to reduce packet loss, use the piggyback technique to reduce the signaling overhead, also provides Authentication mechanism for protecting valid user from attacks in PMIPv6 networks. Keywords—Authentication, bicasting, handover, piggyback, Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) 1 . Introduction As wireless technologies have grown, all the people want to use wireless networks while moving from one place to another. At the same time Mobile MIPv6 was developed by the internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to support the Mobile Node. Even after introducing the Mobile IPv6 Mobile Nodes (MNs) did not receive any data packets when it performs the handover that involves , IP address configuration, movement detection and location update latencies. To reduce the handover latency, Fast Handover has been developed. Fast handover performs the movement detection and IP address whenever the Mobile Nodes move from one location to another. Therefore Fast handover protocol reduces the handover latency. However , MIPv6 cannot satisfy all the requirements of real time applications such as video streaming service and voice over internet protocol (VoIP) service due to its high handover latency. To address this problem, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) NETLMM working gro up developed a network based localized mobility management protocol called Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) to reduce the handoff latency of MIPv6.Moreover, PMIPv6 provides the IP with the mobility to support MNs without requiring its participation in any mobility-related signaling. Although PMIPv6 reduces lots of handoff latency compared with MIPv6, it still suffers from packet loss, signaling overhead and inefficient authentication procedure problems during handoff. This is because PMIPv6 does not use any buffer mechanism during the handoff procedure and performs the authentication and registration phases separately. Therefore this paper used a bicasting scheme for packet loss and piggybacking technique for signaling overhead. 2. Related works 2.1. survey on fast handover Chaung and Lee [2] proposed handoff schemes for PMIPv6 networks perform the authentication and registration phases separately, resulting in longer handoff latency. A. Pre-Handoff procedure The movements of an MN is det ected using the MAG and it performs mobility-related signaling with the LMA in place of the MN. The pre-handoff phase starts only when the MN is going to leave the range of the serving MAG (i.e., MAG1). First, MAG1 sends a handoff initial (HI) message to the target MAG(i.e., MN-ID) and the address of the target MAG. Then , MAG2 sends back a handoff acknowledgement (HACK) message to MAG1, and then a bi-directional tunnel is built between MAG1 and MAG2. After the bi-directional tunnel is built , the buffer of MAG2 prepares to buffer.

Air pollution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Air pollution - Research Paper Example Currently, automobiles are the largest contributor to the formation of ground ­ level ozone therefore there is a need to increase usage of alternative sources of transportation in order to reduce levels of O3 air pollution. Air pollution has become a major environmental health problem affecting both developed and developing countries throughout the world (Nadakavukaren, 2006). The consequence has been that air pollution is causing human health problems as well as damage to vegetation, crops, wildlife, materials, buildings and even the climate. In the U.S., the largest sources of air pollution, in order of importance, are: 1) transportation, mainly automobiles and trucks; 2) electric power plants that bum coal or oil; and 3) industry, for which the major sources include steel mills, metal smelters, oil refineries, and paper mills (Nadakavukaren, 2006). The most common air pollution problem resulting from these emission sources is ground-level ozone (O3), According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), non-attainment of EPA requirements for O3 is the most common air pollution problem facing large cities in the U.S (Crpc-La.org, 2011). It is estimated that, 160 million people in the U.S. lived in areas that are in non-attainment of healthful O3 levels (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], 2005). In the past, efforts to reduce air pollution have consisted primarily of "command and control" programs that involve enforcement of government regulations designed to reduce toxic emissions. Such programs have proven highly effective in reducing industrial, point source pollution and causing auto manufacturers to produce cleaner burning automobiles (Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2011a). While these government controls continue to effectively lower industrial emissions and reduce pollutants emitted from vehicles, O3 precursor, NOx, continues to be emitted into the air at increasing levels. Problems

Contempory social care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Contempory social care - Essay Example more major life activities including self-care, language, learning, mobility, self-direction, capacity for independent living, and/or economic self-sufficiency â€Å" (Federal Developmental Disabilities Act of 1984). Professionals from a wide variety of fields and disciplines devote much time and energy in helping these children live comfortable and fulfilling lives with the end view of mainstreaming them into society and the real world. Educators, therapists, psychologists, speech pathologists, physicians, social workers and even government officials join hands in the care and education of these children to ensure their optimum growth and development. â€Å"When a child/adolescent with a preexisting disability is separated from the parent/family and enters the child welfare system, already established medical and educational services for the child are often put on hold until placement is secured, records are gathered, and services with new providers are initiated in the geographical area of the placement. The child welfare worker, therefore, has a key role in identifying and accessing appropriate services for children/adolescents with disabilities and their families (biological and foster) within the child welfare system and in the medical and educational systems. To maintain children with disabilities in family and community settings, supportive, developmental, and therapeutic services must be provided to this population of children and to their biological, foster, and adoptive families† (Hughes & Rycus, 1998). Children with disabilities often need medical attention. Hospitals offer multidisciplinary approaches to therapy. Aside from the usual pediatric consultation for the disability, a host of therapists – physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech pathologists, etc. are also available to help out. For a significant number of disabled children, â€Å"hospital admissions can be frequent and prolonged. Their needs bring many additional challenges to the

Utility of Domesticated Animals Essay Example for Free

Utility of Domesticated Animals Essay The biosphere around us comprises of plants, animals and humans. Each has its own role and part to play. They contribute immensely to make it functional and viable for each other. It is indeed true that it would not be full circle if one part or whole would be missing. Man however has utilized his supreme intelligence to extract the best from plants and animals for his very existence and to lead a luxurious lifestyle. Man has domesticated animals since times immemorial. It is man who has used camels, horses, cows, sheep, goat and dogs for his own needs. A camel is an amazing animal inhabitant to the dry desert. The shorter, two-humped Bactrian camels are cold climate camels while the Arabian camels having a single hump live in hot deserts. Camels provide transport, shade, milk, meat, wool and hides. Their gait like a rolling boat has earned it the adage of being the ship of the desert. Camel has a large mouth with sharp teeth to eat thorny bushes, grass, grains, seeds and dates. Long eyelashes, ear hair and sealable nostrils protect it from sand. Camels have long, thin legs with powerful muscles which carry heavy loads over long distances. Camels milk is more nutritious than cows milk; low in fat and is sweet. Young male camels have the best camel meat and its hump is a delicacy. Camels hair makes high quality coats, artists brushes and garments. a camel draws energy from its hump fat during its long and tedious journeys. the God gifted camel is the symbol of adaptability and toughness. A cow is a gentle animal. It is revered as the second mother to millions for its milk. They are found in herds on farms. They are raised for milk, meat and leather. They graze on grass and feed on grains, crops and legumes. India has the largest number of cattle in the world followed by Brazil and China. Its milk is used to make cheese, butter, ghee, cottage cheese, curd, whey, sweets and ice-cream. Its hide is used for leather to make shoes and clothing. Combs are made from its horns. The small, honey-brown Jersey cow is famous for the high butterfat in its milk and its genial disposition. In Hinduism the cow is a symbol of wealth, strength, abundance and selfless giving. A horse is a noble animal. It has four strong legs, a stout body and a short tail. The mane on its shoulders makes it look magnificently powerful. Arabian horses are the best in the world. In old days horses were used for traveling and in wars and games. Later they were harnessed to carts and carriages to pull goods. Now-a-days horses are seen in cavalry, circuses and race courses. Horses feed on grass and lentils. Horse is the symbol of power and courage for its great speed and splendid look.

Tradition of Tension and Oppression Essay -- China

Xinjiang lies on the far western boundaries of the People’s Republic of China. An area three times the size of France, home to the vast majority of the People’s Republic of China’s Uyghur population (along with twelve other officially recognized ethnic groups), the Xinjiang Autonomous Region has been isolated from its central Beijing-based government by rough terrain, a language barrier, and starkly different religious traditions and economic structure. Even the region’s Chinese name, Xinjiang or â€Å"new frontier† implies both the relative recentness of the province’s acquisition by China and the imperialist nature of this acquisition. Early Chinese Communist Party policy in the region led to atrocious acts of cultural genocide. Separatist movements developed as resistance to the Chinese Communist Party’s attempts to incorporate the region into a culture with which it was incompatible. While Mao era policies had disastrous effects a cross the People’s Republic, the effort to promote a stronger Chinese identity lead to the isolation of the Uyghur community and the development of Uyghur nationalism as demonstrated by PRC policy towards the non-Han populace during the 1950s and the resulting Yi-Ta incident of 1962. Xinjiang’s past status throughout Chinese history has been used as justification both for and against its incorporation into PRC, depending solely on political perspective. As a sparsely populated and resource-rich vast buffer region between the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic, Xinjiang was strategically and economically valuable. When the Peoples’ Liberation Army entered the province in 1949, despite a lack of familiarity with either the geography or the people, they successfully quelled resistance efforts . A provin... ...-145. Web. Gladney, Dru C. Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the Peoples' Republic. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996. Print. Kaltman, Blaine. Under the Heel of the Dragon. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2007. Print. McMillen, Donald H. Chinese Communist Power and Policy in Xinjiang, 1949 - 1977. Boulder: Westview Press, Inc., 1979. Print. Millward, James A. Eurasian Crossroads. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007. Print. Moseley, George. "China's Fresh Approach to the National Minority Question." The China Quarterly.24 (1965): pp. 15-27. Web. of Slavists, Canadian. "The Uighurs between China and the USSR." Canadian Slavonic papers 17.2/3 (1975): 341-65. jstor. Web. Waite, Edmund. "The Impact of the Sate on Islam Amongst the Uyghurs: Religious Knowledge and Authority in the Kashgar Oasis." Central Asian Survey 25.3 (2006)Print.

How intelligence help in educational planning? Essay

It helps to identify children who are mentally retarded so that adequate provisions can be made for them such as putting such children in special schools or devoting more time and attention for them by teachers It also helps for homogenous grouping of children for educational effectiveness. A gifted child is identified early and appropriate educational plan is instituted so as to support the child. How Intelligence assessment assist psychologists in consulting schools and parents A psychologist knows intelligence is a component of cognitive development which is largely influenced by sociocultural, ethnic and gender factors in environment of child development (Inhelder &Piaget,1973). A psychologist is then able to assess the cognitive needs of the child and offer appropriate counseling to teachers and schools. He counsels teachers on appropriate instruction that is suitable and interesting in content to the level of intellectual development of such a child. The role of psychologist includes educational guidance for parents such as some children which may need extramural classes or more out-of-class hours to learn better (Flynn, 2007). He is able to characterize the child intelligence and appropriate environmental modification. Since genetics and environment influence intelligence, he counsels divorced parents to reconcile and come together so as to help the intellectual environment the child grows. He counsels on likely intellectual ache vent potential of child and resources and materials needed. He also counsels on vocational choice based on the aptitude and whether the child is trainable or not. In conclusion, a psychologist role in consultation with teachers and schools based on intelligence measurement and assessment are to give a diagnosis for treatment settings; to assist in the selecting the type of treatment needed or outcome of treatment; to assess a particular area of functioning or disability often for school settings; to give assistance to courts so as to decide issues like child detention or even competency of a child to stand trial; It also assist in provision of career developing counseling as well as training.It also helps to make assessment of workers and job applicants. References Flynn, R. (2007) what is Intelligence? Beyond the Flynn effect Retrieved on August 23, 2010 from http://books. google. com/books? id=qvBipuypYUkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intelligence&hl=en&ei=6SNyTM6gDImZOI-9wbAL&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=intelligence&f=false Inhelder, B. & Piaget, J. (1973). Memory and Human Intelligence. London: Routledge.

National Union of Bank Employees Essay

Introduction Unions are organizations formed to voice out dissatisfactions and represent interests of employees in a company. In the past, employees- especially those who are low in education level and those who are minorities were exploited because they are not aware of their rights. Therefore, unions exist and sustained till today for two main reasons- to protect the employees and to counter the employers’ powers. Unions normally deal collectively with employer and negotiate labor agreements during the period in which they are effective. The major goal is to gain the best common interest, working conditions, health benefits and job security for its members. To further understand the function and role play of unions, we conducted a study of a union- NUBE (National Union of Banking Employees) in the banking industry. Based on our research result, this paper will include the background of the chosen union, how this union fights for its members’ benefits, the impacts towards the industry due to its pass success and some personal opinion from a current member in this union obtain through a walk in oral interview. Brief History of Unions in United States of America and Malaysia In early 1920s, labors had to work extra hours with minimum wages. Neither health benefits nor insurance were included in their contract of working. Later on, things have changed with the existence of unions. One of the earliest unions  was The National Labor Union which was founded in 1866. After 1866, more and more unions were formed such as The Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor and also few acts were passed to protect the labors. In Malaysia, unions started to be in active in 1920s when the Communist Party of Malaya encouraged unskilled workers to unionize. There were no rules or regulation at all about trade unions at that time. But in 1940, a Trade Unions Enactment was passed in the Federated Malay States. The enactment made it necessary for all trade unions to be registered in order to avoid redundant unions. Trade unions in Malaysia can be divided into three, in-house, national and federation of trade unions. Objective of in-house trade union is to look after the interests of members in that institution only. While national trade unions are grouped according to industry, trade, or occupation, and their membership is not restricted to a particular institution but geographically where a national trade union can draw its members only from Peninsular Malaysia, or Sabah, or Sarawak. Lastly, a federation of trade unions is a combination of trade unions from similar industries, trades, or occupations. Usually Director General of Trade Unions has the right to decide what similar industries are trades or occupations when there are doubts within the members. Well-known unions in Malaysia consist of Malaysia Rugby Union, The Musicians Union of Malaysia and few others. National Union of Bank Employee’s Background National Union of Bank Employees (NUBE) consists of more than 30,000 members in the Banking and Financial Institutions in Peninsular Malaysia. It was formed in 1958 with 5 branches under them, the first is combination of Kuala Lumpur, Selangor and Pahang (KLSP), second is in Ipoh, the third is in Penang, Kedah and Perlis (PKP), the fourth is in Kelantan and the fifth is in Seremban, Melaka and Johor (SMJ) and their recreational seaside resort which is in Port Dickson. Like other unions, the reason of having union in any industry is to protect labors and their opinions will be taking in consideration. As for banks, NUBE is a union for all the banks in Malaysia .NUBE’s primary objective is to serve protect and help members regarding their personal benefits and to help the members to negotiate with the banks in order to have a good employee and employer relationship. NUBE can be  considered as a middle person or mediator if there is a problem between the banks and the employees. National Union of Bank Employee’s Battles When members of the union have an issue which is not being paid attention by the employer or government, NUBE will publicize the issues in order to pressure them. In the pass, NUBE had organized a number of activities in fighting all kinds of benefits for its members such as increasing the salary, improving certain health benefit policies, requesting apologies and demanding compensations for unfair labour practices etc. Some disputes were even brought up to the court when the employer and the union could not compromise. Overall, most of these activities and pickets by NUBE had successfully gain public attention and cause pressure towards the employers to take immediate action in negotiating the solution when an issue is brought up. NUBE Fights for Maternity Leave In March 2010, NUBE proposed an increase in maternity leave in conjunction with International Women’s Day on the 8th. The â€Å"90 Days for Mums – 1 Million Signatures Campaign† was launched later on to garner support for this proposal even though the ministry make it clear that they have no plans in extending the current maternity leave. Apart from defending the rights of female employees in Malaysia that, this campaign also aimed to aware the government that many sections of labour laws in Malaysia were obsolete and adverse. NUBE Secretary-General J. Solomon said that a 60-day maternity leave in Malaysia is not the in line with the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Convention 183 on Maternity Protection. Therefore, the one million signatures will be submitted to Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak to appeal for an amendment of the Act on maternity leave. For creating greater awareness to the public, NUBE also sent in memorandum to the Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development at the launching of the campaign. The result as reported in The Star Online, this campaign successfully received huge support from various parties such as Women’s Aid Organisation, World Alliance on Breastfeeding Action, Asian Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women, All Women’s Action Society, Union Network International – MLC (Global Union), Malaysian Trades Union Congress (MTUC),  Kesatuan Kesedaran Komuniti Selangor, Tenaganita Sdn Bhd, Wanita Gerakan, and Wanita Keadilan. As the result, the huge impact of this campaign had caused the ministry to promise that they will take in consideration of this proposal. Although there is no visible changes in the maternity leave on both private and public sectors yet, NUBE act is consider very important as they have successfully raise awareness and concern to employers about this matter so it could be reviewed with added benefits when the time is right. NUBE Reports Maybank to MACC On the February 15 this year, NUBE unionist staged a picket against Malayan Banking Berhad (Maybank) outside their office at Bangsar. The bank employees who are NUBE members that joined the picket voiced their main dissatisfaction over the stagnant wages issue that is yet to be reviewed by their employer and the dissatisfaction over unfair practice by Maybank. The union members marched into the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) and report about Maybank violating the labor and civil laws as well as the collective agreement for launching an in house union called the Maybank non-executive Union (MANEAU). J.Solomon explained that the formation of MANEAU by Maybank serves as a ‘union busting campaign’ because it spoilt NUBE’s negotiation for performance bonus. It is revealed that employees did not receive any performance bonus at all whereby the CEO of Maybank enjoys a huge sum of 24 months’ salary which total up to RM2,160,000 as his performance bonus. This cause great dissatisfaction among the Maybank employees as is clearly unfair to them. Besides, to stop employees from joining the picket, Maybank also ordered the Malaysian Commercial Bank Association to slash salaries of all employees that take leave to join the picketing. Maybank acted unfair to the employees’ union members and shown effort in blocking any activities of the employees union. Malaysian Trade Union Congress also reported that Maybank is going against the law by supporting their own in-house union by sponsoring them. Maybank’s act violated the laws as they shouldn’t be sponsoring or supporting any unions. NUBE had shown concern over their member’s disputes and reacted quickly by getting the issue to the Prime Minister, Datuk Seri Najib Razak but when it gets no response, NUBE acted by staging a picket, raising awareness to the public of what is happening inside the Malaysia’s biggest financial  institution, giving reasonably huge amount of pressure to Maybank in reviewing the matter. NUBE also acted in protecting the bank employee’s rights by reporting the violation of laws by Maybank to the MACC. NUBE Pickets on Minimum Wages Recently in Kuala Lumpur, while the rest of the workers across the Malaysia are enjoying their privileges of Labor Day off day on May 1, over a thousand employees gathered together and marched across the city. The main reason the march takes place is to protest against the newly announced minimum wage policy and to fight for basic employee rights. The rally comprising participant mostly from the NUBE, followed by the other unions – Guppy Plastic Industries Workers Union, Occupy Activist, Party Socialist Malaysia, and Women Aid Organization. During the march, their chant includes stop eliminating union organizations and raising the minimum pay from RM 900 to RM 1500, a much fairer pay. NUBE clarify the much fairer pay as the poverty line according to research is RM 750 and the differences of RM 150 apart from minimum pays are not sufficient. J. Solomon also taken this opportunity to send messages to employers and officers in Human Resource Ministry to abort whatever plan that erode worker’ rights. He also says that it is totally unacceptable as the human resource ministry is plotting with Maybank employers to tears worker apart and attempts to destroy NUBE. Therefore, members from NUBE pickets against Maybank and urges to boycott against the bank. The Current NUBE Member The summarized information below is obtained through an interview with a current Maybank employee who is also a NUBE member conducted orally at Maybank Kota Damansara branch on July 2, 2012, 2.30pm. (Refer Appendix A for full interview contents). The interviewee requested to not disclose her personal information. In the following, she will be referred as ‘the interviewee’. To enter the banking industry, one basically must have a certain level of education. Therefore, employees in the banking industry are highly aware of their rights. To ensure that these rights were protected, most of them join the NUBE as it is a more efficient and powerful route for obtaining better working benefits. It is widely known among the banking  industry employees that this union is actively fighting the best of possible for its members. This is how the interviewee came to know about the existence of this union and felt secure to be a member of it. One of the factors related to union success in organizing is having a good leader because a strong leader certainly will give confidence to the members in the union. In return, members will show a relative strong support in the union. J. Solomon (2005), formal NUBE leader once said: â€Å"Since my younger days, I’ve never liked to see anyone being bullied. If I see somebody who is weak and cannot speak for themselves, then I’d be an informal leader. That’s how I grew up.† Therefore, according to the interviewee, NUBE’s area representatives were sent to banks quarterly or when there are any grievances in order to maintain close contacts with members, collect feedbacks and update latest information to ensure the members concerns are well taken care off. The interviewee is positive that J. Solomon is professional in taking care of their dissatisfactions and then fights the best for them. She is happy to received regular updates from area representatives, and is satisfied that the official website is up to date with the latest information about the union activities all the time. Apart from that, she is also pleased that when a contract is coming to an end, all members will be invited to attend meetings to voice out concerns and terms to be renegotiated in the new contract. This is the reason she has been in the union for more than 10 years. Certainly, having loyal members is another factor of the union remaining strong and successful. NUBE professional attitude is certainly one of the main reasons that their members remain loyal. When it comes to picketing or demonstration, the union will first notify the police about their schedule of activities and obtain a legal approval so that departments who are concern can take any form of precaution to prevent injuries and damages towards the public. This is also another reason that the interviewee support this union all years along because she highly respects J. Solomon attitude in always insisting a peaceful and legal way to express their dissatisfactions so that the employer will resolve the issue for them. â€Å"I personally feel that all the union is really needed in order we, the employees are not being exploited and get what we deserve,† she said. Conclusion From our research, a strong and effective union is able to increase its members working quality. The few factors that NUBE is so successful are concluded as below: (1) they have active participation from members, (2) they have done proper preparations for further negotiations before hand, (3) they are highly involve in political and civil activities, (4) they have a strong union mentality and most of all (5) a professional leader. (Fossum, 2012) Overall in simple words, in the past, present and future, the existence of unions does and will always play a very crucial role and serve an important purpose towards the society. If there are more NUBEs around the world, it is positive to believe that the rate of exploitation in labors will reduce drastically and the amount of sweatshops will decrease faster especially in rural areas. References Anisah Shukry. (May 1, 2012). On Labour Day, workers march for more money. Retrieved July 6, 2012 from http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/on-labour-day-workers-march-for-more-money/ Baker&Mckenzie. (2009). Malaysia Trade Unions Guide. Retrieved July 11 2012 from http://www.bakermckenzie.com/files/Uploads/Documents/Supporting%20Your%20Business/Global%20Markets%20QRGs/Trade%20Unions%20and%20Works%20Councils/qr_malaysia_tradeunionsguide_2009.pdf Claudia Theophilus. (August 26, 2005). Q&A with the NUBE general-secretary. Retrieved July 5 from http://www.indianmalaysian.com/sound/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=40 John A. Fossum. (2012). Unions: Members and Leader Attitudes, Behaviours, and Political Activities. Labor Relations Development, Structure, Process. 11ed. NY: Mc Graw Hill. Lisa J. Ariffin. (February 15, 2012). NUBE takes Maybank dispute to streets. Retrieved June 18, 2012 from https://www.facebook.com/groups/379377715461781/ Malaymail. (March 2, 2010). Pet ition for 90 days of maternity leave in progress. Retrieved July 6, 2012 from http://mp.mohr.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1862:petition-for-90-days-ofmaternityleaveinprogress&catid=150:news&Itemid=624&lang=my *NUBE Malaysia Facebook Page. (August 11, 2011). About Basic Info. Retrieved July 10, 2012 from https://www.facebook.com/pages/NUBE-Malaysia/259701940707753?sk=info The Star Online. (March 9, 2009). NUBE goes ahead with maternity leave petition. Retrieved July 6, 2012 from http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2010%2F3%2F9%2Fnation%2F5820402&sec=nation *It is very unfortunate that the NUBE official website is still under maintenance since June. According to a current NUBE member, information retrieved from NUBE Malaysia Facebook page is accurate and reliable.

Everything You Need to Know About F. Scott Fitzgerald

Everything You Need to Know About F. Scott Fitzgerald SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Curious about the man who created The Great Gatsby? Did you know that some of the events of this novel are actually based on things that happened to F. Scott Fitzgerald himself? This articlewillgive you a broad overview of Fitzgerald’s life, with a focus onthe autobiographical details that he laterworkedinto The Great Gatsby. Use this background on The Great Gatsby authorto further deepen your understanding of the novel, to connect it with the historical period that it's describing, and to better analyze the motivations of the characters. Fitzgerald’sEarly Life: Echoes of TheGreat Gatsby Fitzgerald was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1896.When he was 15, Fitzgerald was sentto the Newman School, a prestigious boarding school in New Jersey. He stayed on theEast Coast to attend Princeton University, an Ivy League school. Fitzgerald was popular at Princeton. He did lots of creative writing for various student publications, including articles for the Princeton Tiger humor magazine and scripts for Triangle Club musicals. However, Fitzgerald’s extracurricular commitments caused him to neglect his studies, and even be placed on academic probation. Traveling home to St. Paul fromPrinceton in 1915, Fitzgerald met socialite Ginevra King. Beautiful, wealthy, and effortlessly charming, Ginevra was arguably the primary inspiration for Daisy Buchanan. Indeed, a recentlyunveiled collection of letters reveals how much Ginevracared for Scott, but alsoknew that she couldn’t marry a middle-class boy.In 1917, Fitzgerald dropped out of Princeton completely to join the army and fight in World War I (although he never actually saw action). A year later, Ginevra King wrote him a letter to tell him that she was engaged to marry another man. Fitzgerald was stationed inCamp Sheridan near Montgomery, Alabama. That’s where he met and fell in love with Zelda Sayre, the daughter of an Alabama Supreme Court judge. Zelda was another popular socialite, a free spirit who loved dancing, swimming, and partying. She also cared for Fitzgerald,but, like Ginevra, was wary of marrying a middle-class man without much money. The war ended in 1918 before Fitzgeraldwas ever deployed to Europe. He moved to NYC hoping to have a successful career in advertising and make enough money to convince Zelda to marry him. A few months later, hewent back to St. Paul to work on anovel. He also took a job repairing car roofs to help pay the bills. Fitzgerald's first novel, This Side of Paradise, published in 1920, was a semi-autobiographical account of his Princeton years, featuring the main character Amory Blaine, who is rejected by two wealthy girls. The novel was an overnight success, making 24-year-old Fitzgeraldone of the country’s most promising young writers. With his novel published and income assured, Scott married Zelda in NYC. They had a daughter named Frances soon after, in 1921, who would be their only child. Zelda remarked upon her birth â€Å"I hope she’s a fool, a beautiful little fool." Scott loved his new celebrity status and started living a really expensive lifestyle, which included lots of partying and traveling. In October 1922, the Fitzgeralds moved to Great Neck, a town on Long Island which served as the inspiration for West Egg in The Great Gatsby. Their neighbors were alsowealthy, famous, and veryâ€Å"new money.† Their contrast to the families in Port Washington, which sat across the bay from Great Neck, gave Fitzgerald the idea for the contrast between West Egg and East Egg in the novel. Ginevra King (left) and Zelda Fitzgerald (right) Biographical Similarities to Events in The Great Gatsby Like Fitzgerald, the novel's narrator Nick Carraway also grows up in the Midwest and then goes to college to an East Coast Ivy League school (although in Nick's case, it's Yale). Fitzgerald wrote for humorous publications at Princeton, while Nickdescribes aseries of â€Å"solemn and obvious editorials for the Yale News† (1.12). Gatsby's initial romance with Daisy is almost exactly what happened to Fitzgerald and Ginevra King. Gatsby meets Daisy Fay, a wealthy socialite, is unable to marry her because he is too poor, and leaves to fight in WWI only to have her marry Tom Buchanan. However, the way that Gatsby meets Daisy is similar to the way Fitzgerald met Zelda - while stationed at a military camp awaiting transfer orders to Europe. Unlike Nick and Jay, Fitzgerald never actually experienced fighting in WWI. After the war, Fitzgerald spent several months in New York trying to make it in the advertising business before coming back to St. Paul to write. Similarly, Nick spends a summer in New York trying to make it as a bond trader before coming back to the Midwest to write his memoir about Gatsby. Fitzgerald worked as a car mechanic while writing his first novel, which may have given him some insight into what George Wilson's life might be like. Zelda's comment on the birth of Frances Fitzgerald became one of Daisy Buchanan’s most famous lines in The Great Gatsby almost verbatim: "I'm glad it's a girl. And I hope she'll be a fool - that's the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool." (1.8) Fitzgerald's life on Long Island had shades of Gatsby's parties and extravagant lifestyle, as well as his feelings of inferiority when thinking about the old money crowd across the bay in East Egg. Remember: art only imitates, but doesn't duplicate life. The High Life: Writing The Great Gatsby Fitzgerald continued to work on his novels in between partying and writing short stories. In 1922, he published his second novel, The Beautiful and the Damned, about a socialite waiting to come into his fortune. This novel, with its meditations on morality, love, and decadence, officially marked Fitzgerald as one of the great writers of the wealth, ambition, and extravagance of the Jazz Age. Fitzgerald began work on The Great Gatsby, his third novel, in June 1922. However, he was slowed down by debts, a move to the French Riviera, and conflicts with his wife. He really buckled down in 1924, telling his editor that Gatsby would be â€Å"a consciously artistic achievement† and a â€Å"purely creative work.† During thisperiod, Fitzgerald fell in with a famous group of modernists in Paris, including the novelist Ernest Hemingway and writer Gertrude Stein. The Great Gatsby was finally published in 1925. Despite Fitzgerald’s efforts, it was not as warmly received by critics as his previous two novels. It also failed to take off commercially. (Read our history of The Great Gatsbyfor more on how Gatsby was received in the 1920s.) End of Life: Fitzgerald's Unraveling After the publication of The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald suffered from alcoholism, something he had struggled with since Princeton, and writer’s block. Meanwhile, Zelda suffered from mental health problems and was often institutionalized. (She was diagnosed as schizophrenic, though many modern historians believe she could have also suffered from bipolar disorder.) In 1934, Fitzgerald finally published Tender is the Night, his fourth novel, about an American psychiatrist living in Paris. He continued to struggle with alcoholism and depression. In 1937, he moved to Hollywood to be a screenwriter and revive his career. Though he madesome money, he was never a critical success (there aren’t any must-see Fitzgerald films). Fitzgerald began the novel Love of the Last Tycoon while in Hollywood but died in 1940, at age 44, from a heart attack, before he could finish it. An unfinished version was eventually published in 1941. What to Take From the Life ofThe Great GatsbyAuthor If you’ve already read The Great Gatsby, you’ll notice pretty big parallels in the story to Fitzgerald’s real life: the Midwestern upbringing and education of Nick, with the military experience and love life of Gatsby. Fitzgerald makes Nick Carraway the narrator, not Gatsby. This may suggest that Fitzgerald saw himself as someone like Nick – someone observing a much more extravagant lifestylefrom the outside, rather than participating like Gatsby. It’s also important to understand Gatsby was written during the precarious peak of Fitzgerald’s life – while he was famous and living an extravagant lifestyle but before the most serious struggles with alcoholism, depression, and debt. You can't really tie any of Fitzgerald’s (or Zelda’s) most intense struggles with alcoholism or mental illness to Gatsby – you’d have to focus on Tender is the Night or Love of the Last Tycoon to do that. Instead, Gatsby is the book that came at the height of the 1920s and Fitzgerald’s life before he began to seriously struggle with alcoholism and depression – but it still has a melancholy undertone that strongly hints at the struggles to come. Further Reading Biography.com: Get a more detailed overview of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s life, especially the later years. The New York Times: A feature that explores Scott and Zelda’s connection to Long Island and the possible Gatsby mansion inspiration. Princeton Alumni Weekly: Read more about Ginevra King, the possible inspiration for Daisy. What’s Next? Learn more about how The Great Gatsby was received when it first came out, and also read up about the 1920s so you can understand the economic, political, and cultural context of Gatsby. Excited to dive in? Check out our articles onGatsby’s title, its opening pages and epigraph, and itsfirst chapter. Or, zoom out first toa summary of The Great Gatsby, along with links to all ourgreat articles analyzing this novel! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Areas Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Areas - Research Paper Example Therefore, the total number of square units in the rectangle will be ‘b times h’, which is the area of the rectangle. Thus, the area of a reachable is given by: The line DC is extended to point F. The line AE is perpendicular on the line DC and the line BF is perpendicular on the line DF. The shape (triangle) represented by enclosures ADE and BCF are same (congruent triangles). Therefore, if we cut part ADE from the parallelogram from left and place this to the right on part BCF, than the enclosure ABFE will be a rectangle with base b and height h. Therefore, the area of the parallelogram ABCD will be equal to the area of the rectangle ABFE that is given by: The line DA is parallel to line BC and the line DB is parallel to the line AC. The enclosure DACB represents a parallelogram with base b and height h. The line AB divides the parallelogram DACB into two congruent triangles. Therefore, the area of the triangle ABC will be half the area of the parallelogram DACB, which is given by: Figure 5 shows a trapezoid (enclosure EFGH) with bases b1 and b2, and height h. This trapezoid can be separated in two triangles, triangle FGH and triangle FEH. Thus, the area of the trapezoid will be sum of these two triangles. The triangle FGH with base b1 and height h. and the triangle FEH with base b2 and height h. The circumference C of a circle is equal to its diameter d times π, or 2 times its radius r times π. Finding the area of a circle is related to finding the area of a parallelogram. A circle can be separated into congruent wedge-like pieces, as shown in figure 6 (left). These wedge-like pieces can be arranged to form a figure similar to a parallelogram as shown in figure 6 (right). Thus, the circle has an area that is relatively close to the area of the parallelogram-shaped figure. Therefore, we can use the formula for the area of a parallelogram to find the area of a circle. In

Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Ethics - Assignment Example Therefore, what I have learned from this module is that although the doctors and physicians have the monopoly to treat their patients they still have to be accountable under the law and personally. Additionally, I have learned that it is important to be competent in the workplace to avoid lawsuits and to ensure that the health care system is running without any interruptions. In that, when there is staff competency people have faith in the health care system. In addition, although technology has helped in ensuring that there are no clinical errors, when it comes to patient’s privacy it has proven to be impracticable as most computers that have data stored can be hacked (Morrison, 2011). I would apply the lessons I have learned in this module to educate the administrators on the importance of hiring competent employees, as well as, safeguarding the privacy of the employee, which is the most vital thing. I would also ensure that people have a clear understanding of accountability to themselves and to the law. The website gives insightful information on the general overview of health care ethics. It begins by giving the definition of the term health care ethics mentioning that it is the guiding principle of medical care. The websites further establishes the core principles of health care ethics in the United States. It indicates that there are four main principles namely autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice. It is clearly established that all the four principles are always in all use at times while treating the patients. Ascension Health website is an example, of an institution website that provides its medical care providers with the necessary guideline to help them in ensuring that their patients get the best. It site indicates that it has two primary goals in their ethics section and that is to allow the professionals in Ascension

English should be the official language of the United States Essay

English should be the official language of the United States - Essay Example Making English the official language would inspire new immigrants to learn the language of their adopted country. It is impossible to argue against the unifying power of having an official language. Many wealthy and powerful countries (France, Germany, Russia, Portugal, Spain, Italy) have one official language, and this puts them in very good stead when it comes to rallying people to a cause. In addition to unity, finances would be saved because making English the official language would eliminate the direct costs of bilingual education and translators. Such costs often run into billions of dollars, and the majority of it is drawn from local governments’ budgets. For instance, in 2002 in Los Angeles, $15 million, or 15% of the election budget was set aside for the printing of ballots in 7 languages and recruiting bilingual election personnel (Adams & Brink 12). The formation of organizations like U.S English, whose main goal is to push for the adoption of English as the official language of the United States, also shows that the issue needs to be seriously considered (King 495). In addition, there are groups opposed to making English the official language of the United States. It is also worth noting that the undercurrents surrounding the calls for English to be made the official language of the United States have been far much stronger than those opposing it. All those who have supported and tried to vindicate this cause have done so out of worry for the direction the country is headed. Theodore Roosevelt expressed the muted American linguistic-melting-pot theory when he said, â€Å"We have room for but one language here, and that is the English language, for we intended to see that the crucible turns our people out as Americans, of American nationality, and not as dwellers in a polyglot boarding house.† And: â€Å"We must have but one flag. We must have but one language. That must be the language of the Declaration of

Professional Development Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Professional Development Article - Essay Example udit, this externally-driven auditing system looks at total enterprise value related to the sales volumes of high-profiting pharmaceutical companies and measures their process and product innovations based on how the auditing committee believes each firm should be molding their corporate strategies. Contained in the article are many pharmaceutical companies and their profitability achieved for 2007-2008, their innovation focus, accounting, and how each firm has positioned itself for growth or loss in the face of how each firm chooses to market its products or its research and development efforts. The fundamental purpose of the Pharma Industry Audit is to ask the question, â€Å"Do you create shareholder value (with your strategies and tactics) or do you destroy it?† (Trombetta, 55). The Pharma Industry audit is much more unique than other well-known, independent auditing firms as it deals with much more than simple accounting issues and financial numbers. The critical issue in this article is that many companies are not addressing the macroeconomic factors that cause potential problems for producing shareholder value, therefore they are using improper business strategy and require the need of external auditing to help them see the larger picture in terms of strategic philosophy. Some of these companies, essentially, fail to view how their markets perceive their performance and dismiss these macroeconomic factors in favor of their own business strategy, which can strip shareholders of return on investment. Critical Factor #1 – The current global recession tends to cloud long-term business strategy when pharmaceutical companies either hold onto their existing business strategies or fail to generate better strategic concepts to improve shareholder value. These are the macroeconomic factors that strongly influence whether pharmaceutical companies are maximizing their market presence either through failure to diversify their holdings or improve their research and

Analysis Of Leadership Styles Politics Essay

Analysis Of Leadership Styles Politics Essay This report was commissioned to represent comparative analysis of leadership styles of two presidents of the United States of America that is one ex-president George W. Bush and current president Barack H. Obama. The object of discussion is to compare and contrast leadership qualities of both presidents based on basic leadership theories that were introduced in literature review: Great Man theory, traits theory, and behavioral approach, contingency, transformational and transactional theories. As per requirements it was done the introduction of the background of two personalities including their childhood, university years and career. It was done overview of leadership qualities of them where B. Obama is represented as a political leader with good political skills, great ability to public communication, organizational capacity and emotional intelligence and G.W. Bush as a leader with prominent political vision and skills. Except that it was expressed my own opinion about two leaders where is the most admirable politician is George W. Bush who is top-down, no-nonsense, decisive, macho leader who sets his eye on the far horizon and doesnt go wobbly getting there. In a conclusion it is essential to say that The President of the United States of America is granted significant powers by the Constitution and exercises others by tradition and precedent. He has to inspire the confidence of the people. Every President has to become a leader, and to be a leader he must attract people who are willing to follow him. INTRODUCTION Leadership is an influence relationship among leaders and their collaborators who intend real changes that reflect their mutual purposes( Komives, Woodard, 2003). Leader are somebody whom people follow and guide people. Leaders are the head of the nation, political party, legislative body or military unit. A type of Leader is  determined and identified by the core trait  that  is  emphasized and  by the  combination of other core traits that are  displayed and used to gain the trust of the people and Lead them to undertake the major task facing the organization(www.scribd.com) Some characteristics of leaders: Leaders are essential for setting the company vision, assessing where the company stands and making difficult choices. Leaders must be able to pull a team together, solve problems and develop strategies. Leaders Challenge people. Leaders build their peoples Confidence. Leaders Coach the people they lead. Leaders challenge people by bringing them out of their comfort zones, enabling people to reach successes that they never thought they could achieve. Leaders boost confidence and put their faith in their people to deliver the goal. Leaders reward intelligent failures, or the sincere effort to achieve, even if the effort may fail. Leaders communicate a clear and compelling vision to challenge people to think and act differently as they pursue a new agenda. BACKGROUND Barack Obama Obama is actually of mixed heritage. He was born in 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii. His father Barack Obama Senior was from Kenya and Obamas mother, Ann Durham, was originally from Kansas. The marriage between Obamas parents was a short-lived one, however. In the early 1960s, interracial relationships were still quite rare in many parts of America, and even technically illegal in some states. When Obama was two years old they divorced, and his father left Hawaii to enter Harvard University to earn a Ph.D. in economics. The two Baracks met again only once, when Obama was ten, though they did write occasionally. Barack Sr. eventually returned to Kenya and died in a car accident there in the early 1980s. Obamas mother remarried a man from Indonesia who worked in the oil industry, and when Obama was six they moved there. The family lived near the capital of Jakarta, where his half-sister Maya was born. At the age of ten, Obama returned to Hawaii and lived with his maternal grandparents. Obama entered in kindergarten level in Noelani Elementary school located at Honolulu, Hawaii and then from first to fourth grade he done education in Jakarta, Indonesia. Fifth through twelfth grade he done education again in Honolulu, Hawaii. Obama got High school diploma from Punahou and went on to Occidental College in Los Angeles, where he decided to get serious about his studies. Midway through, he transferred to the prestigious Columbia University in New York City. After he earned his undergraduate degree in political science, he became a community organizer in Harlem-but quickly realized he could not afford to live in the city with a job that paid so little. Instead, he moved to Chicago to work for a church-based social-services organization there. Obama applied to and was accepted at Harvard Law School. In 1990, he was elected president of the Harvard Law Review journal (http://www.notablebiographies.com). Also during his law school years, Obama spent eight days in Los Angeles taking a national training course on Alinsky methods of organizing(Lizza, Ryan, 2007). Barack Hussein Obama was elected the 44th president of the United States on November 2008(http://www.nytimes.com). George Walker Bush He was born in New Haven, Connecticut on 1946. Bush was the first child of George H. W. Bush and Barbara Bush. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with his four siblings. Bushs grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U.S. Senator from Connecticut. Bushs father, George H. W. Bush, served as U.S. Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and U.S. President from 1989 to 1993 ( Clarita, CalBoyer, 1995). As a child, Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas until the family moved to Houston after he completed seventh grade. He then went to The Kinkaid School, a prep school in Houston, for two years (http://www.lib.utexas.edul). Bush finished his high school years at Phillips Academy. Bush attended Yale University from 1964 to 1968, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history. During this time, he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon, being elected the fraternitys president during his senior year. He characterized himself as an average student. Beginning in the fall of 1973, Bush at tended the Harvard Business School, where he earned an MBA. He was the only U.S. President to have earned an MBA(http://www.americanthinker.com). In May 1968, Bush was commissioned into the Texas Air National Guard. After two years of active-duty service while training, he was assigned to Houston, flying Convair F-102s out of Ellington Air Force Base. In October 1973, Bush was discharged from the Texas Air National Guard and transferred to inactive duty in the Air Force Reserve. He was honorably discharged from the Air Force Reserve on November 21, 1974, at the end of his six-year service obligation (http://www.dod.mil). He married on November 1977. In 1982 he would have a twin daughter. George W. Bush served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001-2009. MAIN BODY 3.1 Theories on Leadership Leadership has different meaning to different authors. Harry Truman, the American President, said that leadership is the ability to get men (women) to do what they dont like to do and like it (Greenstein, 1989). Leadership is defined as influence, that is the art or process of influencing people so that they will strive willingly and enthusiastically towards the achievement of group goals(Koontz, Weihrich, 2006). So a good leader is a maker of men, developer of subordinates and creator of worthy lieutenants. The activities of successful effective leaders: H:College filecollege fileSemester 5MLSAssignmentUntitled.png (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() John Adair has a long pedigree in the world of leadership. The Adair model is that the action-centered leader gets the job done through the work team and relationships with fellow managers and staff. According to Adairs explanation an action-centered leader must: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ direct the job to be done (task structuring) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ support and review the individual people doing it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ co-ordinate and foster the work team as a whole TEAM TASK INDIVIDUAL The challenge for the leader is to manage all sectors of the diagram: Task define the task make the plan allocate work and resources control quality and rate of work check performance against plan adjust the plan Team maintain discipline build team spirit encourage, motivate, give a sense of purpose appoint sub-leaders ensure communication within group develop the group Individual attend to personal problems praise individuals give status recognise and use individual abilities develop the individual A review of the leadership literature reveals an evolving series of schools of thought from Great Man and Trait theories to Transformational leadership (see table). Whilst early theories tend to focus upon the characteristics and behaviors of successful leaders, later theories begin to consider the role of followers and the contextual nature of leadership (Gronn, 1995). Great Man Theories Based on the belief that leaders are exceptional people, born with innate qualities, destined to lead. The use of the term man was intentional since until the latter part of the twentieth century leadership was thought of as a concept which is primarily male, military and Western. This led to the next school of Trait Theories Trait Theories The lists of traits or qualities associated with leadership exist in abundance and continue to be produced. They draw on virtually all the adjectives in the dictionary which describe some positive or virtuous human attribute, from ambition to zest for life Behavioral Theories These concentrate on what leaders actually do rather than on their qualities. Different patterns of behavior are observed and categorized as styles of leadership. This area has probably attracted most attention from practicing managers Contingency Theory This is a refinement of the situational viewpoint and focuses on identifying the situational variables which best predict the most appropriate or effective leadership style to fit the particular circumstances Transactional Theory This approach emphasizes the importance of the relationship between leader and followers, focusing on the mutual benefits derived from a form of contract through which the leader delivers such things as rewards or recognition in return for the commitment or loyalty of the followers Transformational Theory The central concept here is change and the role of leadership in envisioning and implementing the transformation of organisational performance From Great Man to Transformational Leadership Each of these theories takes a rather individualistic perspective of the leader, although a school of thought gaining increasing recognition is that of dispersed leadership. This approach, with its foundations in sociology, psychology and politics rather than management science, views leadership as a process that is diffuse throughout an organisation rather than lying solely with the formally designated leader. The emphasis thus shifts from developing leaders to developing leaderful organisations with a collective responsibility for leadership. Trait Theories Trait theories of leadership sought personality, social, physical or intellectual traits that differentiate leaders from non leaders. Trait view has little analytical or predictive value. Technical, conceptual and human skills (Katz, 1974). People are born with inherited traits. Some traits are particularly suited to leadership. People who make good leaders have the right combination of traits. Traits Skills à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Adaptable to situations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Alert to social environment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ambitious and achievement-orientated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Assertive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Cooperative à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Decisive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Dependable à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Dominant (desire to influence others) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Energetic (high activity level) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Persistent à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Self-confident à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Tolerant of stress à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Willing to assume responsibility à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Clever (intelligent) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Conceptually skilled à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Creative à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Diplomatic and tactful à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Fluent in speaking à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Knowledgeable about group task à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Organized administrative ability) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Persuasive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Socially skilled Behavioral Theories Behavioral theories of leadership do not seek inborn traits or capabilities. Rather, they look at what leaders actually do. If success can be defined in terms of describable actions, then it should be relatively easy for other people to act in the same way. This is easier to teach and learn then to adopt the more ephemeral traits or capabilities. Trait theory: Leaders are born, not made. Behavioral theory: Leadership traits can be taught. Ohio State Studies Initiating Structure The extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of sub-ordinates in the search for goal attainment. Consideration The extent to which a leader is likely to have job relationships characterized by mutual trust, respect for subordinates ideas, and regard for their feelings. University of Michigan Studies Employee-Oriented Leader Emphasizing interpersonal relations; taking a personal interest in the needs of employees and accepting individual differences among members. Production-Oriented Leader One who emphasizes technical or task aspects of the job.H:College filecollege fileSemester 5MLSAssignmentbehaviour.jpg (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() Contingency Theories Fiedlers Contingency Model The theory that effective groups depend on a proper match between a leaders style of interacting with subordinates and the degree to which the situation gives control and influence to the leader (Brooks, 2007). Least Preferred Co-Worker (LPC) Questionnaire An instrument that purports to measure whether a person is task- or relationship-oriented. Leader-Member Relations The degree of confidence, trust, and respect subordinates have in their leader. Task Structure The degree to which the job assignments are procedurized. Position Power Influence derived from ones formal structural position in the organization; includes power to hire, fire, discipline, promote, and give salary increases. H:College filecollege fileSemester 5MLSAssignmentcontingency.jpg (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() Transactional Theories Transactional leadership models treat the process of leading as a cross between a social and business transaction. There are specific hierarchies and structures in which some people are leaders and others are followers. A leader and follower agree to a contract. The latter is responsible for following orders to do a job, and the former provides rewards for proper execution of responsibilities. The difficulty in transactional leadership is that the concept doesnt apply well to all circumstances or cultures. For example, job-performance-and-reward model doesnt pertain to volunteer efforts, where the reward is usually something other than what the leader can directly provide (http://www.everything.com). Transactional leadership seeks to motivate followers by appealing to their own self-interest. Transactional leaders use conventional reward and punishment to gain compliance from their followers. Transformational theories James MacGregor Burns first introduced the concept of transformational leadership in his book Leadership (1978), but this term is now used in organizational psychology as well. He described it not as a set of specific behaviours, but rather an ongoing process by which leaders and followers raise one another to higher levels of morality and motivation. Transformational leaders offer a purpose that transcends short-term goals and focuses on higher order intrinsic needs. Transformational leaders raise the bar by appealing to higher ideals and values of followers. In doing so, they may model the values themselves and use charismatic methods to attract people to the values and to the leader. There are four components of transformational leadership, which are: Tab.1 3.2 OBAMA LEADERSHIP QUALITIES President Barack Obama has gotten the attention of Americans and foreigners alike due to his charismatic nature. A charismatic approach is transformational if it invokes a permanent change in the people who embrace the leaders vision. Thus far, President Obama has woed many to his vision which has the potential to make a huge difference in both domestic and foreign affairs. Barack Obama is a fascinating political leader. Obama have some following leadership qualities. Public Communication Organizational Capacity Emotional Intelligence Political Skill Cognitive Style http://www.usnews.com President Obamas frankness is also another key that sets him apart from countless other politicians. By communicating his goal honestly and clearly, listeners are able to sense his sincerity and will tend to trust him more. This is opposed to many others who choose not to come clean regarding certain ulterior motives, apparent as they may be, and this only mean that listeners are less willing to trust them wholeheartedly. Barak Obama also scores well in terms of being able to delegate tasks to more capable hands, and concerns himself more with the direction setting and visioning of the nation. In higher management, delegation is a crucial skill to master in order to be effective (http://www.leadership-lessons.com).   Apart this Barack Obama has some special qualities in his life as well that shows his leaders nature. He is not afraid to be surrounded by other brilliant people from whom he gets advice.   He learns new things from them.   He goes to meetings with an open heart.   He is not stuck up with ego.   He is willing to learn new things.   He is willing to listen. He has gone through the steps of learning, growing, teaching, writing, earning and gaining trust and support etc.   He is a seeker of challenges (http://hubpages.com). BUSH LEADERSHIP QUALITIES George Walker Bush has embraced a command-and-control style that sharply challenges much of todays conventional wisdom about leadership and indeed is a marked departure from other recent presidents. Bush is a top-down, no-nonsense, decisive, macho leader who sets his eye on the far horizon and doesnt go wobbly getting there. He is crisp and can be confrontational, expecting others to follow or get out of the way. He is a big-picture fellow who learned in business school and in Austin to focus on only two or three goals at a time and pursue them fiercely, seeing other issues as distractions. Once he sets a course, he may try his hand at public persuasion. But if people dont swing behind him, he plunges ahead anyway, trusting that they will catch up later. Bush has indeed moved quickly to set his course and stick to it. He has let things languish and pushed problems to the future. He has also not hesitated to switch positions when necessary, such as when he first opposed, and then backed, the creation of a Homeland Security Department. He is a person who, once he picks a goal, never looks back. Even strong supporters sometimes worry that his curiosity and patience seem limited, while detractors see him as intellectually lazy and dependent on ideology and sloganeering instead of realism and clear thinking. Because he has a relatively small set of advisers, dissenting voices are effectively muffled (http://www.washingtonpost.com). Far more important to him than the art of persuasion, or so it appears, is discipline of message. Bush had waged a highly disciplined campaign that focused on a few core issues. Yet in his three debates with Al Gore, Bush had come across to many as unprepared for the job. Occasionally, Bush made his trademark smirk, a gesture that many took as a sign of arrogance. Bush described himself as a compassionate conservative (http://www.ontheissues.org). There are some following leadership qualities. Public Communication Policy Vision Political Skills Organizational Capacity http://writ.news.findlaw.com Compare with Leadership Qualities Transformational theory Peter Northouse (2004) wrote that transformational leadership is the process whereby an individual engages with others and creates a connection that raises the level of motivation and morality in both the leader and the follower. Obama has benefited from skillful oratory, personal charm and charisma. He has mixed old and new media strategies to sustain and build popular support. Obama and his communications team have been clever at devising novel ways to present Obama in a sympathetic light. In confronting the contemporary era of fragmented media of communication, the president has shown a savvy ability to find the audience, as opposed to expecting the audience to come to him (Woolley, Peters, 2009). George W. Bush likes to consider himself a transformational leader. His supporters like to compare him to Reagan and Truman with the implicit premise that history will also treat him kindly after a rough spell in the polls but in fact he is not like that. He highly religious and moralistic but at the same time he is poor manager, failing to organize diverse information flows in his administration, and he is resistant to new ideas. George W. Bush is failed as a transformational leader since he was running against the odds (Bass, Riggio, 2006). Contingency theory The basic promise of contingency theory is that effective leadership is contingent upon matching leaders style to the right setting. Barak Obama showed a distinct ability to alter his leadership style to fit a situation on at least three occasions. First, while presiding over a town hall meeting in Fort Meyer, Florida, President Obama demonstrated the tender side of leadership by delivering a genuine kiss of compassion to a woman struggling to overcome economic hard times and the embarrassing stigma of being homeless. Secondly, on his first trip to the G20 summit in Europe. President Obama discerned that the Prime Minister of France and the Premier of China were at an impasse over a certain deal at which time he showed a sense of cross cultural leadership by gently calling the two aside to a corner and brokering a deal between them. Third, as aforementioned, President Obama flexed his presidential biceps to force Chrysler into bankruptcy, both Chrysler and GM out of NASCAR, and both Chrysler and GM accept new MPG fuel standards (Coggins, 2009). In comparison with B. Obama G.W. Bush leads by definition. His leadership posture has arguably set a new standard in immunizing the presidency from the risks of todays hyper-politicized, media-exposed environment.   His success is traced to several factors: his personal political experiences, the imperative of defining political issues and opponents during the revitalization of the conservative movement, and the GOPs control of American national government. G.W. Bush is one of a long line of orthodox innovators in American presidential history.   Like other presidents who led by tying themselves to their political base while seeking to go beyond orthodoxyincluding James Polk, Theodore Roosevelt, and Lyndon JohnsonPresident Bush faces the challenge of redeeming old promises while responding to the demand for something new( Skowronek, 2005). Behavioral leadership From behavioral perspective of leadership Obama successes as a leader. He is: Attention Grabber. Knows how to make the best use of any opportunity give. Persistent He does not lose hope after he lost the election US congress and then won in the senate elections by a large margin. He is a self aware and most importantly has the ability to tie his own experience into a political speech in which he portrays himself as an ordinary citizen, speaking for the general public. As a manager it might not effect whether you portray yourself as a common man or not but as a leader it is very important to relate the common man (http://www.slideshare.net). From behavioural perspective of leadership B. Obama shows himself as a democratic leader. Obama touted his abilities to solve problems in a bipartisan way, to take on special interest groups, and to restore Americas standing globally, while giving average citizens a voice. This dates back to my history as a community organizer and my belief that if ordinary people participate we get better outcomes, he said. Temperamentally, Im someone who tries to seek common ground, he said. I tend not to demonize people who dont agree with me, but try to find areas of overlap. Im not an ideological person; I try to make decisions based on facts, what works and what doesnt. (http://www.concordmonitor.com). G.W. Bush in contrast to Obama is autocratic leader. Bush is resolute in his decisions and ultimately does not look for, or care to truly consider opinions that run counter to his desires. He wants to propagate freedom without seeming to understand the fundamentals of liberty. It isnt all about bombs and tanks and diplomacy from the working end of a gun. It is about unrestricted exchange. It is about occupying real estate where reasonable people publicly tussle over tough ideas. It is opinion given unadorned rather than served with ginned up intelligence or hidden behind executive privilege and presidential clemency or warrant-less wiretaps. Freedom as trite as it sounds requires vigilance and oversight. 3.4. Opinion about George Walker Bush Leadership Style George Bush has embraced a command-and-control style that sharply challenges much of todays conventional wisdom about leadership. There are some qualities that I consider as admirable for me. Bush is a top-down, no-nonsense, decisive, macho leader who sets his eye on the far horizon and doesnt go wobbly getting there. He is crisp and can be confrontational, expecting others to follow or get out of the way. He asks questions and actively listens before he decides, but he doesnt agonize, and once the decision is made, he doesnt brook internal dissent. He happily delegates details, but he monitors his team closely. If they swerve off course, he snaps them back into line. Once he sets a course, he may try his hand at public persuasion. But if people dont swing behind him, he plunges ahead anyway, trusting that they will catch up later. Far more important to him than the art of persuasion, or so it appears, is discipline of message. He has learned through experience that if he and his team repeat a clear, simple message long enough, the public is much more likely to give him permission to act, even if they arent fully persuaded. One more admirable quality is that as he imposes a demanding physical regime upon himself, he also insists that his team stick to a script and drill it home repeatedly. He is slow to trust and has a long memory for those who cross him or his family, but he is devoted to those who are faithful. Loyalty to the man, loyalty to the mission, loyalty to the message, you dont stay on his team long unless you get with the program. Bush also has nerve. If he thinks the mission important enough, he will take a risk even put his presidency on the line. So what if no president since Franklin Roosevelt has picked up congressional seats in his first mid-term election? So what if I risk embarrassment by campaigning hard for Republicans? Lets rev up Air Force One and barnstorm the country. Thats the way Bush acts, and more often than not as in the 2002 election, he wins his bets (Gergen, 2003). George W. Bush has displayed a natural ability to lead. Through his skillful use of timeless management principles and his powerful people skills, Bush has proven to be a genius at leadership. The Leadership Genius of George W. Bush reveals the unwavering leadership principles of the first President with an MBA and illustrates how he uses them to operate within the arenas of politics, business, and life (Bennis, Thomas, 2002). Conclusion The President of the United States of America is granted significant powers by the Constitution and exercises others by tradition and precedent. However, success exercising these powers has varied widely from one President to the next. Harnessing the powers of the presidency and managing the sprawling executive branch take a great deal of skill and determination. Indeed Presidents face a host of challenges as they attempt to lead the nation and its people. They must work with others in the separated system of American government. They must constantly deal with a wide range of complex domestic and foreign policy problems which tend to arise at the worst possible times. They must try to organize and lead an executive branch which often does not want to follow. And they must try to lead a nation with an aversion to strong leadership. That some Presidents are strong and effective leaders in spite of these obstacles is a testament to their talents, skills and determination. Every President has to inspire the confidence of the people. Every President has to become a leader, and to be a leader he must attract people who are willing to follow him. Every President has to develop a moral underpinning to his power, or he soon discovers that he has no power at all (Jones, 1994). In conclusion it would be relevant to refer to the words of Dwight D. Eisenhower (former US President): Leadership: the art of getting someone else to do something you  want done because he wants to do it (http://www.garymotivations.com).